記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Importance of the method to determine interaction coefficient in the DRGEP method is explored by considering the pyrolysis reaction with time variation of temperature. To take into account time dependency, the interaction coefficients were determined using four different methods: the original method and three alternative methods. Two of the three alternative methods use the overall interaction coefficient computed from direct interaction coefficient determined by maximum value of ratio of production rate in each time, and the overall interaction coefficient computed from direct interaction coefficient determined by the averaged value of ratio of production rate in each time, respectively. The other method considers overall interaction coefficient computed from time-dependent direct interaction coefficient. The analytical condition for the mechanism reduction and the assessment of reduction accuracy are the pyrolysis of the gas composed of C2H2, C2H4, and N2 at 1000–1600 K and 0.1 MPa. The concentration of benzene during the simulation by the reduced mechanism was compared with original mechanism. In case of the DRGEP with method, the smallest reduced mechanism with accuracy has 60 species. In contrast, the reduced mechanisms constructed by the DRGEP with the latter two methods of the four accurately predict the concentration with only 45 species. In particular, the method that takes into account the time dependence of the reaction rate was able to describe the behavior in which the formation rate of the target chemical species, benzene, gradually approaches zero near equilibrium, even when the number of chemical species is 40.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100546

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

<p>Predicting the dynamics of impacting drops is crucial in various industrial applications such as spray and inkjet technologies. Especially in painting technology, the entrapment of air bubbles greatly reduces the product quality. The formation of a thin air film in front of the moving contact line causes the entrapment of air bubbles in the spreading phase. To clarify the main forces acting at the gas-liquid interface that induce air bubbles entrapment, we investigate the contact line velocity of impacting drops by taking bottom view images using the total internal reflection (TIR) method. We used droplets of glycerol or glycerol-ethanol solutions and solid surfaces covered with either glycerol or silicone oil. Our results show the contact line velocity decreased rapidly at <i>T</i>_c when a thin air film was formed and settled down at a constant value <i>V</i>_const after the formation of the air film. Furthermore, we revealed that drop viscosity affects <i>T</i>_c and <i>V</i>_const. Moreover, we found that after <i>T</i>_c, the lubrication pressure of the air had the same order of magnitude as the viscous shear stress of the drop, which implied the importance of the air lubrication pressure.</p>

DOI： 10.3811/jjmf.2023.017

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Effective thermal conductivity in open-cell foam with hierarchical pore structure was estimated using lattice Boltzmann method. A new structure algorithm was proposed to reconstruct hierarchical pore structure in open-cell foam. In order to elucidate the heat transfer characteristics in hierarchical pore structure, the effect of structure parameters, namely the hierarchical pore size ratio (d2/d1), the hierarchical pore volume ratio (V2/V1), and temperature on the effective thermal conductivity was investigated. These results indicated that hierarchical pore structure is unfavorable to the effective thermal conductivity in open-cell foam for the heat conduction process. At high temperatures (Tave = 450–1650 K), however, the effective thermal conductivity in hierarchical pore structure is higher than that in uniform pore structure considering heat radiation. Furthermore, for the heat conduction process, a correlation of the effective thermal conductivity related to open-cell foam with hierarchical pore structure was proposed and validated by available experimental data.

DOI： 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119314

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The prediction accuracy of the detailed kinetic mechanisms for aromatic hydrocarbon formation in combustion was assessed and improved for the pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of C3 and C4 feedstock. Although KAUST PAH Mech 2 was developed mainly for the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion, it predicted the formation of hydrocarbons with a low molecular weight in pyrolysis, with the highest accuracy for all detailed kinetic mechanisms evaluated. Meanwhile, those of benzene and toluene were low with all the detailed kinetic mechanisms evaluated. Several modifications were made to improve accuracy by further examining sensitivity analysis, the results of which suggested that the reactions that produced benzene and toluene from C3 required correction.

DOI： 10.1080/00219592.2023.2247031

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

<p>The swelling of a packed bed of coal during carbonization was numerically investigated. The coal particles were assumed to be spheres capable of swelling. When falling particles of the same size, the height of the packed bed was determined by the particle size, and during swelling of particles of the same size, the height of the packed bed was also determined by the particle size. However, the height of the packed bed with different particle sizes was lower than that of the packed bed with particles of the same size. This was owing to the densifying of the smaller particles between the larger particles. When the swelling ratio of the particles in the differently packed beds was 25%, no difference in dilatation was observed. By fitting the numerical solutions and previous experimental data, the difference in the swelling ratio between the smaller and larger particles was 16.8%.</p>

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2022-067

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

<p>石炭乾留過程における粒径が異なる粒子で構成される石炭充填層の軟化溶融特性を検討した。膨張性試験を用いて石炭充填層の膨張性を検討し，熱重量計を用いて石炭粒子から放出される揮発分の量を評価した。平均粒子径が67.0 µmの充填層のTD （Total dilatation）は127％であり，平均粒子径が60.5 µmの充填層のTDは80％であることから，石炭の粒径が石炭充填層の膨張に影響を及ぼすことを示した。また，揮発分の放出挙動（すなわち，温度および放出量）が粒径によって異なることを示した。 以上のことから，揮発分の放出速度および放出量が石炭粒子の大きさに依存し，石炭粒子の粒径が石炭充填層の膨張挙動に影響することが示された。 </p>

DOI： 10.3775/jie.101.205

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

<p>Prediction of maximum spreading diameters of impacting drops is crucial for determining the quality and efficiency of many industrial applications using drop-on-demand or spray technology. In order to construct an exact theoretical model for predicting the maximum diameter, one needs to determine a time constant being required for the radial pressure gradient in a spreading drop to be disappeared, which is difficult to derive theoretically. We experimentally obtained the time constant by focusing on the energy budget during drop impact, especially on the viscous dissipation. By considering the time delay, we developed a theoretical model for predicting the maximum spreading diameters. The model shows good agreement with experimental results, revealing the importance of the internal velocity field in a drop.</p>

DOI： 10.3811/jjmf.2022.019

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Coke undergoes gasification reactions of CO2 and H2O in the blast furnace, and the gasification reactions degrade the coke and affect the operation of the furnace. In this study, to evaluate the factors that govern the strength of coke in the furnace, the fracture behavior of coke under blast furnace conditions was examined both experimentally and numerically. The three-point bending test was performed on coke subjected to the gasification reaction under conditions similar to those inside a furnace. It was found that coke gasified with CO2 is more likely to fracture than that with H2O since the conversions at fracture of the samples gasified with CO2 and H2O were 0.71 and 0.78, respectively. X-ray computed tomography images of coke taken before and after the gasification reactions showed that increase rate of porosity was almost uniform from the central part to the external surface in the case of CO2 gasification reaction, while it increased from the sample center towards the external surface in the case of the H2O gasification reaction. In addition, the finite element analyses using an isotropic damage model were performed. As a result, the damage spread in the analytical object in which the pore structure after the CO2 gasification reaction was reflected, while the damage was localized in the analytical object in which the pore structure after the H2O gasification reaction was reflected. These results suggested that the difference in the spatial distribution of the porosity increase rate within the coke samples owing to the differences in the rate-limiting steps of the gasification reactions greatly affected the strength of the coke samples.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122061

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

This study aims to investigate the strength of coke at high temperature in reaction atmosphere. A uniaxial compression test measured the fracture stress of coke at three conditions: (i) room temperature and air atmosphere; (ii) 1 100°C and N2 atmosphere; (iii) 1 100°C and CO2 atmosphere. The drum index (DI) and coke strength after reaction (CSR) were also measured. The DI and CSR of coke produced by a lump of caking coal were higher than those of coke produced by non- or slightly caking coal. The compression tests showed that the fractured stress at room temperature in the air atmosphere was lower than that at 1 100°C in the N2 atmosphere. Also, the fractured stress at 1 100°C in the N2 atmosphere was higher than that at 1 100°C due to the CO2 reaction. The DI, CSR, and hot coke strength of coke produced by caking coal was higher than those of coke produced by non- or slightly caking coal.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2021-305

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

<p>The strength, pore structure, and material constants of coke prepared from caking coal (Coke A) and non- or slightly caking coal (Coke C) were experimentally and numerically investigated with a particular focus on those values at high temperatures. Coke A showed higher strength and lower porosity than Coke C. The pore structure imaged by X-ray computed tomography was translated to the finite element mesh with the image-based modeling, and the stress analysis based on the finite element method was performed to calculate the mode value of maximum principal stress at different Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Young's modulus of Coke A and Coke C at a constant Poisson's ratio decreased and increased, respectively by heating. When the temperature increased, the compression stress of Coke A increased. The result indicated that the coke strength could be increased by heating because of the decrease in apparent Young's modulus, accompanied by the occurrence of creep.</p>

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2022-190

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

<p>The hot strength of coke prepared from an acid-washed lignite by briquetting-carbonization before and after CO₂ gasification was, for the first time, investigated in this work. The hot strength at 1000 ºC before gasification was higher than coke strength measured at a room temperature. CO₂ gasification resulted in a linear decrease of the hot strength with the reaction time. The lignite-coke showed faster decrease in the strength during gasification, compared to conventional cokes derived from caking coal or non-or slightly caking coal, due to the high reactivity caused by its porous structure and catalytic metal species remaining even after the acid-washing, while it showed superior hot strength at the initial stage of gasification.</p>

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2022-143

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

In order to accurately model the impact of a fluid droplet onto a solid surface using the volume of fluid method, an accurate method for the interpolation of viscosity is required because the free surface of a fluid changes significantly during droplet impact. There exist several conventional methods for interpolation including the arithmetic and harmonic means of the viscosities, the harmonic mean of the kinematic viscosities, and the blended arithmetic and harmonic means of the viscosities. In this study, a new method is proposed that combines the arithmetic and harmonic means of the kinematic viscosities. To evaluate the accuracy of these methods, the shape of the liquid films resulting from droplet impacts were evaluated through numerical simulation against previous experimental results, finding that the proposed method resulted in the most accurate behavior. The effect of the droplet impact angle on the shape and extent of the resulting liquid film was then examined by numerical simulation under various impact angles using the proposed interpolation method, finding that the horizontal component of the velocity had little effect on the initial spread of the liquid film, but did indeed affect the geometry and extent of spread after a period of time.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.21we071

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

To evaluate characteristics of the Flamelet/Progress-Variable approach (FPV) and Flamelet-Generated Manifolds method which can consider a detailed chemical reaction mechanism, a combustion simulation was performed in a laminar counter-flow diffusion flame. While the numerical solutions of the FPV reproduced the measurements and almost completely agreed with those of the detailed chemical reaction mechanism, the numerical solutions of the FGM method overpredicted the measurements of CO mole fraction and underpredicted the ones of CO2 especially in fuel-rich region, and differed from those of the detailed chemical reaction mechanism. This is because the flamelet table of the FGM indicates the state close to chemical equilibrium and overpredicts dissociation of CO2 when the combustion reaction sufficiently progresses.

DOI： 10.3775/jie.100.83

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

<p>https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2021-305</p><p> </p><p>The authors have found that Figure 3 reported in the above paper is incorrect. The authors would like to correct the figures:</p><p> </p><p>Original figures (incorrect)</p><p><img align="middle" src="./Graphics/abst-62_1560_a.jpg"/></p><p>Corrected figures</p><p><img align="middle" src="./Graphics/abst-62_1560_b.jpg"/></p><p><b>Fig. 3.</b> Stress-strain curve of coke samples: (a) Coke A; (b) Coke C. 01 and 02 are sample numbers. (Online version in color.)</p>

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.62.1560

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Herein, we investigate the mechanism of soot formation produced by controlled-temperature pyrolysis of ethylene in Ar, He, or N and analyze the size distributions of soot particles to understand soot aggregation and nucleation behavior. Additionally, we probe the reactivity of soot, revealing that soot particles were highly unlikely to react with molecules of the above carrier gases. The use of Ar is demonstrated to promote soot production, facilitate crystalline growth, and increase the diameter of primary soot particles, while the use of He has an opposite effect, which is ascribed to the large size of the former molecules and the small size of the latter ones. Consequently, the soot generation mechanism is found to be affected by carrier gas type. 2

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106673

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

When the hydrogen absorbing alloy was packed in the pressure vessel, the effect of cyclic hydrogen absorption/desorption on the stress developed on the side wall of the vessel and the packing state of the packed bed of the alloy was investigated. The effect of the change in the packing state of the packed bed on the stress was also investigated. While the stress developed on the side wall of the vessel of the packed bed was not observed in the upper region of the vessel, the stress increased with the increase in the number of hydrogen absorption/desorption cycles and showed constant value in the lower region of the vessel. Also, with the increase in the number of cycles, the local packing fraction of the packed bed decreased in the upper region whereas the fraction rose to around 0.7 and then showed a constant value in the lower region. Furthermore, it was suggested that the stress becomes higher in the region with the higher local packing fraction and for the larger number of the cycles even though the fraction is the same. It was also suggested that the local packing fraction becomes a constant value after about 20 cycles of hydrogen absorption/desorption.

DOI： 10.3775/jie.100.5

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The adhesion failure of coke with low-quality coal affects its strength. However, it would be difficult to specify the interface between caking coal and low-quality coal where the adhesion failure arises. In this study, the interface was specified using alumina beads that can be identified by the X-ray CT (computed tomography) as a model compound of low-quality coal, and thus fracture behavior of coke assuming that low-quality coal was blended was investigated experimentally and numerically. To quantitatively evaluate the adhesiveness between coke matrices and alumina beads, the three-dimensional structure of coke was evaluated by the X-ray CT. As a result, the adhesiveness decreased with an increase in the volume ratio of alumina beads, while the adhesiveness was not related to the particle diameter. Also, the fracture strength of coke decreased with an increase in the volume ratio and the particle diameter of alumina beads. For the fracture analysis using RBSM (Rigid Bodies-Spring Model), the fracture strength was also negatively correlated with the volume ratio and particle diameter of alumina beads. Focusing on fracture behavior of coke model, the interface between coke matrices and alumina beads fractured at the non-uniform part where alumina beads existed closely. Therefore, this study suggested that the distribution of low-quality coal within the coke as well as the adhesion failure has an effect on strength of coke with low-quality coal.

DOI： 10.2355/ISIJINTERNATIONAL.ISIJINT-2020-255

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

In this study, we evaluated the effect of the CO or H O gasification reaction on the mechanical property of the coke matrix by measuring the elastic modulus of the coke matrix before and after the gasification reaction. We also investigated the effect of the distribution of the elastic modulus in the coke matrix on the strength of the lump coke by conducting the fracture analysis for the coke model with porosity of 0-0.4 in which the distribution of the elastic modulus obtained by the experiment was reflected. The nanoindentation measurements of the elastic modulus of the coke matrix before and after the gasification reaction implied that the distribution of the elastic modulus in the coke matrix differs depending on the gasification agent. In the case of the CO gasification reaction, both the coke matrices with high and low elastic moduli were consumed by the gasification. On the other hand, in the case of the H O gasification reaction, only the coke with an elastic modulus of over 30 GPa before the reaction was consumed by the gasification reaction. Also, the numerical results showed that the distribution of the elastic modulus in the coke matrix affects the strength of the coke model with low porosity whereas the one did not affect that with high porosity. 2 2 2 2

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2020-292

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The development of a numerical method for fissure formation during the carbonization of coke is needed because the formed fissures determine the coke's particle size. In this study, we proposed and developed a novel numerical method that can represent initiation, extension, and branching of multiple cracks. Fundamental tests (i.e., bending of a beam, stress analysis of a center crack plate, and crack propagation in a plate under tensile loading) were performed using the proposed method. The test results showed that the numerical accuracy of stress analysis and the fracture analysis using the proposed method were high and were comparable to other standard numerical methods. Furthermore, we applied the proposed method for the coupled analysis of heat conduction and thermal stress and performed numerical simulations for the formation of fissures in coke during carbonization. The numerical simulation results showed that major fissures extended in a linear direction, perpendicular to the direction of an oven wall. And the numerical results reflected qualitative features of an actual coke-making process using a chamber oven. Therefore, the proposed method could be used to reproduce the formation of fissures in coke during the carbonization process.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2019-457

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Numerical analysis was performed by Discrete Element Method in consideration of expansion and contraction of particles to investigate the stress developed on the wall in the vessel of the packed bed of hydrogen storage alloy. For the packed bed composed of the spherical particles with a diameter of 2 and 7 mm, the effect of the expansion and contraction of the particles on the packing ratio and the stress developed on the wall was investigated. It was shown that smaller particles moved through the gaps between the particles by repeating expansion and contraction of particles, and the packing ratio and the stress became higher at the lower part of the packed bed. The effect of the expansion and contraction of the particles on the packing ratio and the stress developed on the wall in the vessel was also examined for the packed bed composed of the spherical, tetrahedral or cubic particles. The packing ratio in each region and the stress developed on the wall in the vessel were different depending on the shape of particles. From these results, it was shown that the shape and the movement of the particles affect the stress developed on the wall.

DOI： 10.3775/JIE.99.41

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd Large-scale simulation of gasification for a highly resolved coke model with hundreds of millions of voxels was carried out. Three-dimensional phenomena could be evaluated by the numerical simulation, while our previous study was limited to one-dimensional distribution due to the high computational load. The coke model was developed from micro X-ray CT images of a cylindrical coke sample with a radius of 20 mm, and the screen resolution was 20.6 µm/pixel. In the resolved pores, the mass transfer with CO2 gasification was analyzed, whereas voxels of the coke matrix adjacent to the pore vanished due to the reaction. Coke was found to degrade non-uniformly as the reaction progressed, and the areas with highly concentrated carbon matrix voxels remained unchanged. These characteristic areas were derived from the X-ray CT images. Focusing on the concentration distribution of CO2, it was found that the rate-controlling step changed from pore diffusion to chemical reaction with structural change at 1573 K.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117080

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）

In a rotary bellcup atomizer, a liquid film is stretched into thin ligaments due to the centrifugal force of the high-speed bellcup rotations. The ligaments are then disintegrated into droplets due to a high-speed sheet cross flow, called a shaping air. To clarify the breakup mechanism, in the present experiment we simplified and highlighted the effect of the shaping air by considering the breakup of single ligaments only; with the aid of high-speed imaging and quantitative image analysis, we studied the breakup of liquid jets of about 0.1 mm in diameter exposed to high-speed sheet cross flows with velocities varying up to 120 m/s. We used water or glycerol ethanol solutions as liquid and air as gas. As a result, we obtained drop-size distributions characterized by remarkable double peaks both of which were found to be well described by gamma distributions. We clarified that the larger distribution is caused by the formation and aggregation of the blobs generated along the ligament of about the original diameter, while the smaller distribution originates from the breakup of thinner ligaments stretched by the cross flow between the blobs. Our time- and space-resolved image analysis clearly shows such time evolution of local thickening and thinning of the ligaments.

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

浄水場において原水水質の急変に対応可能な技術として、凝集剤（PAC）の主成分であるアルミニウムをFB（フィードバック）の制御指標とする凝集剤注入制御技術を検討した。本報では、開発制御方式で使用するAl 残留率の目標値を算出するための式の係数を、低濁度と高濁度の原水のデータからチューニングする方法を提案した。また、河川の表流水を用いた凝集沈澱処理の実験を実施し、その制御方式の有効性を評価した。その結果、水温、アルカリ度およびpH の年間変動に対して、開発制御方式により沈澱水濁度を良好に維持可能であることが示唆された。また、Al 残留率を用いた場合の沈澱水濁度の制御精度が融雪期の一部を除いた期間において目標値の±0.3度以内であることを実証した。これらのことから、本開発制御方式が凝集剤の過不足を適切に判断可能であることを示唆した。

DOI： 10.34566/jwwa.89.12_19

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

DOI： 10.20619/jcombsj.61.195_66

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

DOI： 10.20619/jcombsj.61.195_76

担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

DOI： 10.3775/jie.97.353

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2019 Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. All rights reserved. The addition of coal tar pitch mainly composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), increases the dilatation of coal. We investigated the effect of PAHs on the maximum dilatation (MD) of hard coking coals and semi-soft coking coals. Twenty-six kinds of PAHs and aliphatic hydrocarbon were used as additive agents. The use of a PAH with a molecular weight in the range 152.19-178.23 as an additive agent almost unchanged the MD. When a PAH with a molecular weight in the range 178.23-378.47 was added to the coal, the MD of the coal increased. The increase in MD achieved with the addition of 9,10-dihydrophen-anthrene was larger than that obtained with the addition of phenanthrene. This is likely because the hydrogen atoms in the ninth and tenth positions in 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene inhibit the polymerization of the coal structure. The MD was hardly affected by the addition of a linear aliphatic hydrocarbon (C28H58) but MD decreased due to the addition of anthraquinone with carbonyl carbon. When a PAH with non-planar structure was added to the coal, the increase in MD was smaller than when a PAH with planar structure was added.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2019-033

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2019 Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. All rights reserved. The effect of inert components in coke on the shrinkage ratio of coke was numerically investigated. The carbonization process of semi-coke was simulated by using the finite element method. Coke models with a coke matrix, pores, cracks, and/or inert components were used. The numerical results using a coke model composed of a coke matrix and pores indicated that pores did not affect the shrinkage behavior of semi-coke. In addition, cracks did not affect the shrinkage behavior. On the other hand, from a numerical simulation using a coke model with inert components, the addition of inert components decreased the shrinkage ratio of coke. When the inert components were added, the elastic modulus of the inert components, viscosity of the matrix of semi-coke, and size of the inert components affected the shrinkage ratio. Furthermore, cracks extending from the inert component drastically decreased the shrinkage ratio of coke because the thermal stress around the interface between the matrix and inert components opened the crack.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-817

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2019 The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan This study investigated the mechanical properties of a packed bed of hydrogen storage alloy before and after hydrogen absorption/desorption. As a result, it was found that the initial packing ratio decreases with an increase in the number of absorption/desorption cycles. During the loading process, the packing structure changed more for a packed bed with lower packing ratio, and the tangent modulus increased, whereas the structure changed little during the unloading process. Further, the compression behavior was almost elastic when the packed bed was loaded again.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.18we050

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Copyright © 2019 Journal The Society of Chemical of Chemical Engineering Engineers, of Japan The quasi-steady state heat and mass transfer around a single coal char particle with and without CO oxidation was numerically analyzed to investigate the effect of CO oxidation on the reaction process of char. With CO oxidation, the gas temperature around the particle is increased by the exothermic heat of CO oxidation, and the particle itself also experiences a temperature increase due to the heat transfer between high-temperature gas and the particle. In addition, the generation of additional CO2 by CO oxidation promotes the CO2 gasification of char, whereas the consumption of O2 suppresses the char oxidation. As a result of balancing among these factors, the net reaction rate of char, which is the sum of the partial oxidation rate and CO2 gasification rate, with CO oxidation became larger than that without CO oxidation. Under conditions of a higher temperature and larger particle size, the net reaction rate with CO oxidation was larger than that without CO oxidation, though the partial oxidation rate with CO oxidation was smaller than that without CO oxidation because of the promoted consumption of O2 by CO oxidation. This result indicates that CO2 gasification compensates for the decrease in the net reaction rate due to the suppression of char oxidation. Therefore, CO oxidation should greatly affect the heterogeneous reaction rates of char, especially CO2 gasification, through changes in the temperature and compositions of the gas-phase near a coal char particle.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.18we012

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2019 Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. All rights reserved. This study investigates the dominant factors affecting the strength of ferro-coke, which is produced by blending iron oxide with coal particles, with the addition of hyper-coal (HPC), to produce a high reactivity and strong coke. A diametral compression test for ferro-coke with and without HPC addition is performed. A three-dimensional ferro-coke model is then developed using micro X-ray computed tomography, and the relative proportions of pore, pore wall, iron, and pore space surrounding the iron particles, termed here "defect", are quantified using this model. Moreover, a stress analysis is performed for the ferro-coke model. The diametral compression tests indicate that the strength of ferro-coke increases with the increasing blending ratio of HPC. The image-based modeling indicates that the wall thickness increases and stress concentration is relaxed with increasing addition of HPC due to enhancement of the adhesiveness of coal particles. On the other hand, the relative proportion of the "defect" is independent of HPC addition. Therefore, ferro-coke strength is found to be determined not by the "defect" around iron oxide but by the wall thickness.

DOI： 10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2019-046

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2019 ISIJ The reduction of CO2 emission from the ironmaking process is an important issue from the view of environmental problems typified by global warming in recent years. Low RAR (reducing agent rate) operation of the blast furnace is one of effective methods for reducing CO2 emission. Injection of HRA (hydrogenous reducing agents) from the tuyere (where is the lower part of a blast furnace) is also effective measure. In this study, the influence of HRA injection point on combustion and gasification efficiency of pulverized coal (PC) in the case of simultaneous injection of HRA and PC from double-channel lance was examined by small scale combustion furnace and three-dimensional numerical simulation for permeability in the blast furnace. Combustion experimental conditions were in three cases, case 1: injected HRA from the outer side and PC from the inner side of double-channel lance, case 2: injected HRA from inner side and PC from outer side of double-channel lance and case 3: injected HRA and PC premixed. As a result, the combustion and gasification efficiency was increased in the order of case 1, case 2 and case 3. The rate of combustion and gasification of PC was investigated in case1. Not only the oxidation reaction was also accelerated CO2 and H2O gasification reaction in the case of simultaneous injection HRA and PC. A three-dimensional numerical simulation of the experimental furnace was conducted, we confirmed the increase of combustion temperature, the acceleration of oxygen consumption and gasification reaction as with the experimental results in the case of simultaneous injection HRA and PC.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2019-154

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2018 American Chemical Society. This study presents the Raman spectroscopy analysis of the carbon structure on the surface of pulverized coal char particles sampled at different positions in a pilot-scale blowpipe. To evaluate the degree of char oxidation, we compared the experimental data of the samples before and after mild oxidation. The results showed that the surface crystallinity of large char particles before mild oxidation increased, irrespective of the sampling position in the radial direction. This suggested that large particles were exposed to higher temperatures than small particles in the blowpipe. Moreover, the surface crystallinity of the small char particles before and after mild oxidation was almost the same. This indicated that the small particles had already been oxidized in the blowpipe. On the other hand, the surface crystallinity of the large char particles changed drastically after mild oxidation. This was because large particles passed through an oxygen-lean region and the char oxidation of these particles did not progress as much as in the small particles. These results were consistent with those obtained from previous studies. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy is useful for tracking the reaction behavior of coal char particles in a blowpipe.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b02717

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（その他）

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Copyright © 2018 JTohuer nSoalc oieft Cy hoef mChiceaml Eicnagli Ennegerininege rosf, Japan. Boundary conditions in computational fluid dynamics significantly affect the prediction of flow fleld. However, the outlet boundary conditions for the continuity equation have been rarely investigated. In addition, the velocities at the outlet boundary might not be accurately predicted with the conventional outlet boundary conditions when a flow that has non-uniform density distribution on the outlet boundary is simulated. In the present study, we modified a boundary condition for the continuity equation in consideration of the non-uniform density distribution on the outlet boundary plane, comparing the numerical results of combustion between the conventional and modified boundary conditions. As a result, the proposed boundary condition can resist the generation of an unrealistic temperature field better than the conventional methods.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.17we178

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2018 ISIJ. In order to investigate coke degradation behavior due to CO2gasification reaction in the blast furnace, mass transfer analyses with the reaction and stress analyses for coke considering its structure after the reaction were performed. Using the finite element method, CO2gas diffusion in a coke lump and consumption of coke matrices owing to the gasification reaction were considered for the coke model in which the actual coke structure was reproduced. The rate-controlling step was also evaluated calculating the Thiele modulus and the effectiveness factor of catalyst obtained from CO2concentration distribution in a coke lump. Further, stress analyses assuming a uniaxial tensile test were carried out for the coke model after CO2gasification reaction, and the effect of the gasification reaction on a stress state in a coke lump was investigated. As a result, the reaction progressed mainly in the vicinity of the external surface with reaction temperature of 1 673 K while it did uniformly in the whole coke lump with 1 273 and 1 473 K. Thus, the rate-controlling step shifted from the reaction-controlling step to the diffusion-controlling step with an increase in a reaction temperature, and the Thiele modulus and the effectiveness factor of catalyst also showed the same trend. From the stress analysis, coke strength decreased uniformly in the whole coke lump in case of the reaction-controlling step whereas it did mainly in the vicinity of the external surface in case of diffusion-controlling step.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-144

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature. Botryococcus braunii is a microalga considered for biofuel production and may require physical disruption of cells/colonies for efficient hydrocarbon extraction. In this study, the strength of individual cells of B. braunii was measured using a nanoindenter. From the load and cell size, the pressure for bursting the cell was calculated to be 56.9 MPa. This value is 2.3–10 times those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Chlorella vulgaris found in another research, because B. braunii has two types of cell walls with different thicknesses. The energy required to disrupt 1 g of dry B. braunii cells, estimated by load-displacement curves, is 3.19 J g−1which is 0.19–1.2 times higher than those of S. cerevisiae and C. vulgaris. When using a high-pressure homogenizer for disrupting B. braunii cells, the cell disruption degree increased with the treatment pressure at above 30 MPa, and 70% of cells were disrupted at 80 MPa.

DOI： 10.1007/s10811-018-1466-6

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2018 The Combustion Institute The effect of aliphatic side chains in the feedstock on soot formation was studied with experimental and numerical simulation. Feedstocks of ethylbenzene, xylene, toluene, and benzene were pyrolyzed at different residence times and temperatures, and the particle size distribution (PSD) of the formed soot was measured. The initial nucleation rates of soot during ethylbenzene or toluene pyrolysis was high. However, after a long residence time, the amount of soot produced from benzene pyrolysis became higher than for these feedstocks. This result suggests that at long residence times, the growth rate of soot from benzene is higher than those of ethylbenzene and toluene. Numerical simulation for the pyrolysis of ethylbenzene, toluene, and benzene was conducted with the KAUST PAH Mechanism 2 (KM2) model, and the prediction accuracy was improved by adding some new reactions. The simulations were performed at two conditions similar to the experimental ones: The production rate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was very high at the beginning of reactions of ethylbenzene and toluene, indicating high rates of soot nuclei generation. In benzene pyrolysis, modification of the KM2 model led to a higher predicted PAH concentration than that with the original KM2. Most of the reactions we added to the KM2 model are those of PAH growth by phenyl addition (PA). Therefore, the PA mechanism would be an important reaction pathway for PAH growth in the pyrolysis of benzene.

DOI： 10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.04.034

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. A colonial microalga, Botryococcus braunii synthesizes extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) forming a sheath around its colonies, which limits the extraction of hydrocarbons from this microalga. As thermal or mechanical pretreatment of B. braunii improves the hydrocarbon yield, the EPS removal and degree of algal colony disruption before and after pretreatment were evaluated using zeta potential and particle size distribution (PSD) to predict hydrocarbon yield from the alga. Since zeta potential can evaluate the ionizable state of particles, the zeta potential of B. braunii would be able to evaluate the removal degree of EPS and this feature had the potential to determine hydrocarbon yield quickly. The zeta potential of algal samples without pretreatment was −30.5 mV at pH 9, whereas that with pretreatment ranged from −29.7 to −18.8 mV. The elevation of zeta potential and EPS removal had a linear relationship (R-squared value = 0.96). The hydrocarbon yields exponentially increased in proportion to the degree of colony disruption after mechanical treatments (R-squared value = 0.81). These findings suggest that the zeta potential and PSD of B. braunii may be used as indicators for EPS removal and hydrocarbon yield.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.03.013

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2018 Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. All rights reserved. The reduction of CO2emission from the ironmaking process is important issue from the view of environmental problems typified by global warming in recent years. Low RAR (reducing agent rate) operation of the blast furnace is one of effective measures for reducing CO2emission. Injection of HRA (hydrogenous reducing agents) from the tuyere (where is the lower part of blast furnace) is also effective measure. In this study, the influence of HRA injection point on combustion and gasification efficiency of pulverized coal (PC) in the case of simultaneous injection of HRA and PC from double-channel lance was examined by small scale combustion furnace and three-dimensional numerical simulation for improvement permeability in blast furnace. Combustion experimental conditions were in three cases, case1: injected HRA from outer side and PC from inner side of double-channel lance, case2: injected HRA from inner side and PC from outer side of double-channel lance and case3: injected HRA and PC premixed. As a result, the combustion and gasification efficiency was increase in the order of case3, case2 and case1. The rate of combustion and gasification of PC was investigated in case1. Not only the oxidation reaction was also accelerated CO2and H2O gasification reaction in the case of simultaneous injection HRA and PC. A three-dimensional numerical simulation of the experimental furnace was conducted, we confirmed the increase of combustion temperature, the acceleration of oxygen consumption and gasification reaction as with the experimental results in the case of simultaneous injection HRA and PC.

DOI： 10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2017-087

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Botryococcus braunii is a colonial microalga that produces hydrocarbons. While the microalga stores almost all the amount of hydrocarbons in its colony matrix, the amount of the extracted hydrocarbon without any pretreatment is typically very small. We performed mechanical cell disruption using a JET PASTER® and a bead mill as the pretreatment ways to facilitate hydrocarbon extraction from B. braunii. After the disruption, the size and shape of colonies changed. In the JET PASTER treatment at 4800 rpm, the concentration of removed polysaccharides increased 146 to 173 μg/mL and the hydrocarbon yield increased 2.7 to 82.8%. In the bead mill treatment, the concentration of removed polysaccharides increased 146 to 210 μg/mL and hydrocarbon yield increased 2.7 to 42.3%. Therefore, the disruption of colonies and polysaccharides around algal colonies would affect the hydrocarbon extraction. In addition, the apparent photosynthetic activity of the sample treated by the JET PASTER was 0.71 that is almost the same value as that of the untreated sample, whereas that of the sample treated by the bead mill was 0.64. Therefore, the JET PASTER treatment did not affect the photosynthetic function of B. braunii.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.12.004

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2018 American Chemical Society. In the present study, we investigated the effects of concentrating a cell suspension of a hydrocarbon-rich microalga, Botryococcus braunii, by membrane filtration on hydrocarbon recovery efficiency. B. braunii suspensions before and after filtration were mechanically pretreated with a high-pressure homogenizer or a JET PASTER high-speed mixer. Concentrating the suspension increased the apparent viscosity of the sample and altered the particle size and shape distributions. The increase of viscosity was derived from the existence probability that was caused by shear forces in the pump that introduced the suspension into the membrane filter and/or between the membrane wall and algae. Homogenizer treatment decreased the sample viscosity from 20 to 5 mPa·s due to the collapse of the bridge between the algae and polysaccharides. The treatment also decreased the hydrocarbon recovery efficiency from 60% to 15% because of the release of intracellular substances that prevented hydrocarbon extraction. In contrast, JET PASTER treatment increased the hydrocarbon recovery efficiency by removing polysaccharides surrounding the colonies and disrupting colonies, without disrupting the cells. Adding oleic acid as a model intracellular substance to the concentrated sample before extraction decreased the amount of extracted hydrocarbon. These results demonstrate that concentrating the sample by filtration combined with JET PASTER treatment can improve the hydrocarbon recovery efficiency of B. braunii. In addition, an energy analysis was performed in the present study. The energy consumption of the JET PASTER treatment combined with filtration was 7.6 times as high as the energy produced.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b02753

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© Copyright 2018 The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan. On parallel computation based on the domain partitioning, the efficient method for communication between partitioned subdomains was investigated. In the method, the communication table was generated by dividing a communication process into multi-stage, limiting each core assigned with each subdomain to communicate once at each stage, and determining the core with more neighboring subdomains in priority to another to communicate until no more cores were available at each stage. The parallel computation of fluid flow based on the finite volume method was performed and it was found that the parallel computation with the proposed communication table could successfully reduce computational time for communication compared with that with the conventional one with an increase in the number of cores used.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.17we155

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2018 ISIJ. To investigate the dominant factors that affect carbonization process of coal, behaviors of caking and low-quality coals (i.e., non- or slightly caking coal) during carbonization were examined. The release of volatile matter of pulverized coal samples in carbonization was evaluated using thermogravimetric analyzer, and the fluidity of coal particles was measured by the Gieseler plastometry method. Furthermore, a single coal particle was heated under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the images of the samples were acquired. From the images, swelling onset temperature, maximum swelling temperature, and maximum swelling ratio were evaluated. The carbonized coal particles were imaged using X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), and their internal structure was investigated. Although the release behavior of volatile matter, fluidity, and swelling of each coal were different according to kinds of coal, many of the parameters associated with those behaviors would correspond to coal rank. Combined with the carbonization behavior of coal and pore structure of carbonized coal, the amounts of thermoplastic components and volatile matter may affect the softening and swelling of coal particles.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2017-607

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2017 American Chemical Society. In this study, oxidation reactivity of char produced in a pilot-scale blowpipe was investigated with a focus on the difference in the heating rate during pyrolysis. In addition to the blowpipe, thermogravimetry and a Curie-point pyrolyzer were employed for preparing the char sample produced at different heating rate conditions. The changes of morphological and crystalline structures as a result of the heating rate were evaluated. Both the morphological and crystalline structures of the char differed according to the heating rate during pyrolysis. For the char produced in a blowpipe, the melting of the char was observed and the specific surface area of the char drastically increased in comparison to that of the char produced in the other reactors. On the other hand, the crystalline structure of the char also developed in the rapid heating condition. According to the study results, the positive effect of the expanded specific surface area of the char was stronger than the negative effect by the ordered crystalline structure. The oxidation reactivity of the char produced in the blowpipe was much higher than those produced in lab-scale apparatuses. Therefore, the appropriate parameters obtained from the char produced in the same heating condition as the target system were necessary to predict the phenomena in the pulverized coal combustion system.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01923

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The colonial microalga, Botryococcus braunii, produces and stores hydrocarbons in membranes and in colonies. Although hydrocarbons in B. braunii could easily be extracted for biofuel production, yields are actually poor without energy-intensive pretreatment such as thermal drying. To develop extraction methods without drying, we applied the mechanical cell disruption to wet B. braunii using either a high-pressure homogenizer, a bead mill, or a circulating particle disruptor (Jet-Paster) and examined the relationships between the extent of cell and/or colony disruption and extracted hydrocarbon yields using n-hexane. When the number of particles over 20 μm classified as colonies, decreased after each treatment, the hydrocarbon yields of samples treated (over 20%) were much larger than those without treatments (under 5%). Thus, the colony disruption may increase hydrocarbon yields by enhancing n-hexane penetration to the colony. Although the degree of disruption on the Jet-Paster treatment was the lowest (2.2–9.3%) and that of sample treated by the homogenizer was the highest (27–55%), extracted hydrocarbon yields were improved in both treatments. The facts indicate that disrupting large colonies into small colonies improves hydrocarbon recovery, and the fractionation of cells is not needed for hydrocarbon extraction from B. braunii. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/apj.2088

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd Sintering behavior and the contribution of soot produced in the absence of oxygen are experimentally investigated. A tandem differential mobility analyzer technique equipped with thermophoretic sampling was used to reveal the change in the mobility diameter of soot aggregates, which is proportional to the surface area. The mobility diameter decreased with an increase in reheating temperature. The decrease in mobility diameter clearly shows a decrease in the aggregate surface area. SEM images also clearly showed the decrease in the surface area and the simplification after heat treatment. These are experimental evidence that sintering of carbonaceous particle occurs in the absence of oxygen. Acetylene, which is considered to promote surface growth, is also added to size-selected soot particles before heat treatment to investigate the effect of surface growth on simplification of aggregate structure. The addition of acetylene, which is relevant to the surface growth via the hydrogen-abstraction/carbon-addition (HACA) mechanism, did not affect the mean mobility diameter at low temperature around 1200 K. These results showed that simplification of soot aggregates would not be affected by surface growth caused via the HACA mechanism.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.11.013

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. A semi-parallel reaction model for the devolatilization and heterogeneous reaction of coal particles during pulverized coal combustion was developed. The quasi-steady mass transfer around a single coal particle with devolatilization and the oxidation of char were analyzed to investigate the effect of the convective flow generated by devolatilization on the mass transfer of the oxidant to the particle surface at various reaction temperatures and particle diameters. The oxidation rates of char with devolatilization were lower than those without devolatilization. This tendency became pronounced with increasing reaction temperature and particle diameter. This indicated that the convective flow generated by devolatilization inhibits the mass transfer of the oxidant to the particle surface and that the influence of the devolatilization depends on the reaction temperature and particle diameter. In addition, the oxidation rates estimated by the semi-parallel reaction model were compared with those obtained from the conventional sequential reaction model and parallel reaction model. In contrast to the other models, the semi-parallel reaction model more accurately represented the decrease in char oxidation rates with increasing devolatilization rate.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.12.011

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Copyright © 2017 The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan. The motions of particles injected from two different sprayers were investigated. The present investigation deals with automotive paint sprayers, a high-speed rotary bell-cup atomizer and a powder spray gun. The liquid droplets and powder coatings in each paint system were modeled as undeformable spherical particles, and the two-phase flow was numerically computed with the Euler-Lagrange approach. The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation was solved with the standard k- model. As a result, despite the difference in spray system, the spread of spray near the nozzle, so called ghost, was observed in both sprayers. When electric voltage was applied, the bell-cup atomizer had relatively strong tendencies of the motion behavior of paint particles compared with powder spray gun: (a) large particles in ghost propagated radially outward and missed the target, and (b) the transfer efficiency was sensible to Sauter mean diameter. On the other hand, when zero electric voltage was applied, an opposite trend was observed. Thus, in the case of the industrial spray process using bell-cup atomizers with high voltage, the control technique of the particle diameter might be of great significance in order to improve transfer efficiency.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.16we251

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2017 ISIJ. The effect of HPC (Hyper-coal), which was affected by the iron oxide, on coal particle adhesion during carbonization was investigated. X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out to obtain changes of iron oxide crystal structure on HPC with iron oxide addition during caking temperature. The promoted weight loss of HPC by the iron oxide during caking temperature was calculated from the weight losses by thermogravimetric analyses and gas concentrations by a gas chromatograph and a Karl Fischer titrator. Furthermore, to reveal the effect of iron oxide on coal particle adhesion at resolidification temperature, the yields of semi-coke with and without HPC/High Fluidity-HPC (HF-HPC)/Fe2O3/Fe3O4were measured, the strength of the semi-coke samples was evaluated using diametral compression tests, and the adhesion of coal particles was evaluated using microstructure analyses. As a result, the promoted weight loss of HPC was increased by the catalysis of Fe2O3, and was decreased, when the Fe2O3was reduced to Fe3O4, due to hydrogen atoms in the thermoplastic components of HPC. Thus, the strength of semi-coke with HPC increased. Furthermore, although the iron oxide affected the HPC, the adhesiveness of coal particles, which was an index of ferro-coke strength, was enhanced by HPC, and the adhesiveness of HF-HPC was higher than that of HPC. Therefore, the HPC decreased the chemical effect of iron oxide, and improved the adhesiveness.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2017-130

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Vol. C pyright 50 No. ©22017 2017The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan Using computational thermofluid dynamics, we calculated the fluid temperature from the enthalpy and mole fractions of chemical species and the inner wall temperature from thermal equilibrium with radiative heat transfer. The fluid and wall temperatures were approximately found using a temporary solution in the iterative part of the polynomial equations. We carried out combustion simulations using Newton’s method and the approximate method introduced in this study, and calculated the fluid and wall temperatures. The computed temperatures from both methods agree completely; furthermore, over 20% reduction in computational time compared to current methods was achieved. Therefore, the approximate method is useful for computations concerning steady–state thermofluids, such as those in combustion simulation.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.16we176

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）

担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. This study investigated the effect of fuel injection pressure (20-80 MPa) on atomization and combustion characteristics using a stationary combustor with an intermittent supply of liquid fuel. In the atomization experiments, spray tip penetration and spray width increased, and the Sauter mean diameter of droplets decreased with an increase in the fuel injection pressure. In the combustion experiments, the OH emission intensity and combustion gas temperature upstream of the furnace increased with the fuel injection pressure, whereas nitrogen oxides emissions were reduced. The results demonstrate that high-pressure pulse spray combustion can reduce NOX emissions and enhance the combustion load by an increase in the fuel injection pressure.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.02.008

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2016 The Combustion Institute. In this study, growth mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) leading to soot formation were discussed. In addition, the effect of PAHs on soot nucleation was investigated by comparing the concentration of PAHs under sooting and non-sooting conditions. The feedstock ethylene was pyrolyzed in an isothermal laminar flow at 1150-1730. K with a residence time of 16-363. ms. Reaction pathways of PAH growth at each temperature were discussed using total ion chromatograms (TICs) of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These TICs suggest that the hydrogen-abstraction-carbon-addition (HACA) and methyl addition/cyclization (MAC) mechanisms are the main mechanisms for large PAHs at 1350. K and that phenyl addition/cyclization (PAC) also plays an important role at 1730. K. This paper was the identification of pathways previously rarely considered in soot models: the pathway via dimerization of acenaphthylene the pathway from perylene to coronene the pathway from tetraphene to benzo[k]tetraphene. Some significant peaks of aliphatic hydrocarbons were also detected in the TIC at 1730. K. The quantification of pyrolysates was examined by GC/MS with deuterides. At 1730. K, the number concentration of nascent soot increased along with the mole fraction of PAHs. Despite a relatively high mole fraction of PAHs with molecular masses of 200-300. u, no soot was observed at 1150. K. This indicates that such PAHs are not precursors of nascent soot.

DOI： 10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.02.008

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）

担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2016 ISIJ. This study investigates the dominant factors affecting the strength of ferro-coke, which is produced by blending iron oxide with coal particles, with the addition of hyper-coal (HPC), to produce a high reactivity and strong coke. A diametral compression test for ferro-coke with and without HPC addition is performed. A three-dimensional ferro-coke model is then developed using micro X-ray computed tomography, and the relative proportions of pore, pore wall, iron, and pore space surrounding the iron particles, termed here "defect", are quantified using this model. Moreover, a stress analysis is performed for the ferro-coke model. The diametral compression tests indicate that the strength of ferro-coke increases with the increasing blending ratio of HPC. The image-based modeling indicates that the wall thickness increases and stress concentration is relaxed with increasing addition of HPC due to enhancement of the adhesiveness of coal particles. On the other hand, the relative proportion of the "defect" is independent of HPC addition. Therefore, ferro-coke strength is found to be determined not by the "defect" around iron oxide but by the wall thickness.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2016-339

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2015 The Combustion Institute. The effects of furnace temperature and residence time on particle size distributions (PSDs) of carbon black, which is a type of carbon nanoparticle, were studied with a scanning mobility particle sizer. Particles were classified according to their mobility diameters by a differential mobility analyzer, followed by thermophoretic sampling by scanning electron microscopy to investigate their carbon black morphologies. PSDs were power-law distributions at short residence times and log-normal distributions at long residence times; these distributions indicate that agglomeration increases with increasing residence time. In addition, few 2.5-nm-sized particles existed above 1540 ± 40 K, while the critical size was 3 nm at 1350 ± 40 K. This finding indicates that the critical size of nuclei changes with temperature. At high temperatures of 1776 and 1676 K, the 100 and 180-nm-sized particles, whose primary particles kept their shape, had very complex morphologies. In contrast, at low temperature at 1570 K, the morphologies of 100 and 180-nm-sized aggregates are relativity simple, and primary particles nearly fused together in those aggregates. These observations indicate that the nucleation rate and fusing behavior change with temperature.

DOI： 10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.09.007

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2015 The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials. The effect of perspective structure on the computed tomography (CT) value histogram of a three-dimensional (3D) X-ray computed tomographic image was investigated. Images of sphere bead packed beds were taken and the histograms were compared with each other. Normal distributions were fitted to histogram peaks to evaluate histogram shapes. Peaks corresponding to air and alumina were observed in histograms of alumina bead packed beds. The difference between mean values of the peaks decreased and peak standard deviations increased with decreasing bead diameter because of a stronger partial volume effect. Because of this effect, the CT value of a boundary voxel is between CT values of materials present in the voxel. Peaks corresponding to air and glass were observed in histograms of glass bead packed beds. The mean value of the air peak in glass bead packed beds was smaller than that observed in alumina bead packed beds because the specific gravity of glass is smaller than that of alumina. For beds packed with both alumina and glass beads, peak positions of each material differed from those obtained for beds packed with either alumina or glass beads. This indicates that the partial volume effect is caused by boundaries between not only air and beads but also alumina and glass beads. Therefore, the shape of CT value's histogram depends on the 3D structure of the bed. This suggests that the three-dimensional structure can be evaluated on the basis of histogram shape.

DOI： 10.2320/jinstmet.J2014064

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

This study presents the validity and ability of an aggregate mean free path cluster–cluster aggregation (AMP-CCA) model, which is a direct Monte Carlo simulation, to predict the aggregate morphology with diameters form about 15–200 nm by comparing the particle size distributions (PSDs) with the results of the previous stochastic approach. The PSDs calculated by the AMP-CCA model with the calculated aggregate as a coalesced spherical particle are in reasonable agreement with the results of the previous stochastic model regardless of the initial number concentration of particles. The shape analysis using two methods, perimeter fractal dimension and the shape categories, has demonstrated that the aggregate structures become complex with increasing the initial number concentration of particles. The AMP-CCA model provides a useful tool to calculate the aggregate morphology and PSD with reasonable accuracy.

DOI： 10.1007/s11051-015-3049-7

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2015 The Combustion Institute. The feedstocks, including benzene, acetylene, and benzene with acetylene or 2-7 ring PAH, were pyrolyzed in an isothermal laminar flow at 1400-1650. K. The particle size distributions (PSDs) of soot and nascent soot were analyzed using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). The morphology of particles with the same mobility particle diameter was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), where the grid was sampled via thermophoretic sampling assisted by a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). The soot produced by the pyrolysis of acetylene at 1400. K exhibited the highest number concentration and a log-normal distribution compared with those of the soot produced by the pyrolysis of benzene and the PAH additives. At 1500. K, the pyrolysis of PAHs with three or more rings with zigzag sites significantly increased the number concentration, although the added carbon concentration was smaller than that of acetylene. The addition of dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, which possesses three armchair sites, inhibited soot formation, suggesting that the bay site is easily formed and that the formation of anisotropic PAHs inhibits dimerization. The morphology of the soot formed by the addition of dibenzo[a,e]pyrene exhibited a primary particle diameter of 10. nm and similar primary particles, whereas the morphology of the soot formed by the addition of PAHs with zigzag sites clearly indicated a structure with a primary particle diameter of 20-40. nm. These observations indicate that the incipient soot is formed by the formation of dimers or small clusters of large PAHs via the mechanisms of aromatic molecule addition to aromatic radicals referred to as the PAH-addition cyclization (PAH-AC) mechanism at high temperatures, whereas moderate-sized PAHs developed via the hydrogen-abstraction-carbon-addition (HACA) mechanism form clusters and incipient soot at relatively low temperatures.

DOI： 10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.03.022

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）

担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. In a high-speed rotary bell-cup atomizer, which is mainly used in the automotive industry, atomization is achieved by disintegration of a thin liquid film at the bell-cup edge. To obtain the hydrodynamic behavior of the liquid film as it passes over the bell cup, the liquid-film formation was simulated using the volume of fluid method under various conditions of the rotational speed, flow rate, liquid viscosity, and surface tension coefficient, based on industrial painting conditions. The liquid supplied from the liquid supply nozzle to the bell-cup surface flowed radially upon rotation of the bell cup and formed a film, which reached steady-state. We clarified the flow field depended on the rotational speed, flow rate, and liquid viscosity, and was independent of the surface tension coefficient. Based on these results, an equation for the liquid film thickness was proposed. In addition, the unsteady behavior of film with flow fluctuation in liquid supply was also investigated; the fluctuations persisted at the edge of the bell-cup atomizer. The proposed equation can be applied to this case regardless of the normalized amplitude of the fluctuation up to 50%. Thus, in this condition, unsteady film flow may be described in the proposed equation, which assumes a steady flow.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2014.11.013

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2015 The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials. Particle size distribution in a metal hydride packed bed was acquired from three-dimensional X-ray computed tomographic images, using an image recognition method to quantitatively evaluate particle size segregation in the bed. The image recognition method was constructed by combining the original seed-generating method with other methods (e.g., the watershed method). The image recognition method was first applied to glass bead packed beds. The results indicated that the method adequately estimated the particle size distribution of the packed bed from three-dimensional images. After this validation, the method was applied to metal hydride packed beds. The results corresponded with observation results obtained by previous study. These results confirm that the image acquisition method could be used to quantify particle size segregation.

DOI： 10.2320/jinstmet.J2014037

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）

In the industrial painting, such as automobile paint, the rotary bell cup atomizer has been widely used. In the spray painting using the bell cup rotary atomizer, the paint droplets are generated near the rotary cup edge and pass through the air flow produced by the shaping air. Finally, the paint droplets adhere to the painted wall surface against the air flow. Though, the understanding of the behavior of a paint droplet in the air flow near the painted surface is very important, the effect of the air flow near the painted surface on the coating efficiency has not been thoroughly clarified. In the present study, the authors focused on the behavior of a single droplet in the stagnation air stream near the painted wall surface. The behavior of a single droplet was investigated by PIV method. The experimental set up consists of handmade single droplet generator embedding a piezoelectric element, wind tunnel and measurement section. To generate the stagnation air flow near the painted wall surface, the suction type of wind tunnel and impingement plate installed normally to the air flow were used. In order to clarify the effect of the air flow surrounding a paint droplet on the behavior of a droplet, the air flow surrounding a droplet was visualized by the PIV method. The trajectory of a droplet was obtained by the cross-correlation camera. Varying the velocity of an air flow and the droplet size, the air velocity distribution near the wall and the trajectory of a single droplet were measured. By the comparison between the air flow surrounding a droplet and the trajectory of a droplet, the effect of a surrounding air flow on the trajectory of a droplet was clarified.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）

The objective of this study was to reveal the characteristics of shaping air (SA) induced atomization of liquid filaments generated at the edge of a rotating bell cup used in spray painting equipment. A single nozzle generating a liquid column was substituted for the rotating cup generating the liquid filament. A high-speed lateral air flow was introduced from the side to locally impinge on the liquid column and the resulting atomization characteristics were investigated to determine the conditions that give rise to the coarse droplets called “ghosts” in automobile spray painting. It was found that the spray angle of the atomized stream from the liquid column increased with increasing air flow velocity. In addition, the air flow velocity required to cause a transition from a deflected liquid column to a spray increased with increasing liquid flow rate. The velocity of the generated droplets increased immediately after mixing with the SA. Variations in the droplet size were also observed; the fraction of smaller droplets increased and the Sauter mean diameter decreased with increasing air flow velocity. The patterns of liquid column breakup were also classified using dimensionless parameters; the larger the Reynolds number for the liquid column/filament, the larger the Weber number for the flow when breakup occurred. Using these dimensionless parameters, the breakup behavior associated with the single nozzle and the rotating bell cup were compared. For a Weber number of 47-52, a liquid film was generated from the liquid filament/column, and the film then broke up into droplets. Flows with the same Weber numbers underwent the same breakup process.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）

The motions of particles injected from two different sprayers were investigated. The present investigation deals with automotive paint sprayers, high-speed rotary bell-cup atomizer and powder spray gun. The liquid droplets and powders in each paint system were modeled as undeformable spherical particles, and the two-phase flow was numerically computed with the Euler-Lagrange approach. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation was solved with the standard k-ε model. The effect of turbulent eddies on the droplet motion was estimated using a stochastic approach. Electrostatic force for particles was defined as gradient of the electrostatic potential calculated from the Poisson’s equation. As a result, the particles were ejected from bell-cup atomizer parallel to target, and then were curved in a vertical direction by shaping air flow blown from rear of the bell-cup. In case of powder spray gun, the particles were injected toward the target, and spread by colliding with deflector. Despite the difference in spray system, the spread of spray near nozzle was observed in both sprayers. Some particles in ghost were entrained by high-speed airflow and reached the target, and some propagated radially outward and missed the target. The spray spread with the mean particle diameter due to the inertia. Meanwhile, around the central axis, the spray mass density of bell-cup atomizer was lower than that of powder spray gun in transport field. This occurs because swirl flow was generated by shear force due to rotation of bell-cup. The coating film on the target had a relatively strong tendency to be torus-shape compared with powder spray gun.

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）

担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（その他）

担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（その他）

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The reasons why benzene-acetylene composition has an effect on the configuration of carbon black, which is a type of carbon nanoparticle, were investigated using a fixed sectional approach by applying the detailed chemical kinetic reaction for our previous experimental work: the pyrolysis of benzene-acetylene in an inert atmosphere. By comparing the calculated behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation, nucleation, and the particle size distribution with experimentally observed configurations for carbon black, the impact of the benzene-acetylene composition on the configuration of carbon black is discussed. The nuclei mole fraction increases with additive concentration, which strongly affects the complexity of the aggregate shape. Specifically, when the amount of benzene added to 3.0. vol% acetylene is increased to 5.0. vol% benzene, the particle number concentration of 30-80-nm-sized particles, which are considered as primary particles or spherical aggregates, increases. The increase in the number concentration of 30-80-nm-sized particles contributes to the simplification of the aggregate shapes. When acetylene is added to 1.0. vol% benzene, although the particle size distribution at 200. ms begins to shift to a bimodal shape with the addition of 0.5. vol% acetylene, a log-normal shape clearly appears at 200. ms with the addition of 5.0. vol% acetylene because the nuclei mole fraction reaches equilibrium at 200. ms. Thus, if the reaction is quenched before small particles (<10. nm in size) collide with larger particles with a log-normal shape, the complexity of the aggregate shape increases. The results for both of these cases indicate that the calculated nucleation behavior and the particle size distribution describe the aggregate shapes obtained experimentally. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.091

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（その他）

担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（その他）

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The coke strength is determined by coke microstructure and non-adhesion grain boundaries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pore structure and non-adhesion grain boundaries on fracture behavior by RBSM (Rigid Bodies-Spring Model). In regard to pore structure, randomly-shaped pores were generated, and the pores were randomly-arranged. The randomly-shaped pores were controlled by equivalent circle diameters and pore roundness. The non-adhesion grain boundaries were randomly-located in coke matrix. First, coke with realistic pore structure was calculated. As a result, large and distorted pores affected decreasing of the coke strength. Furthermore, a coke model which was composed of coke matrix, pores, and non-adhesion grain boundaries was analyzed. The coke strength was decreased, resulting in an increase of existence of non-adhesion grain boundaries. The numerical data was corresponded to the experimental result. The coke strength was decreased when there are a little bit of non-adhesion grain boundaries. This is because that a non-adhesion grain boundary becomes an origin of the fracture if the non-adhesion grain boundary is in a stress concentration region. It was shown that non-adhesion grain boundaries were the factor of decreasing of the coke strength with low-quality coal.

DOI： 10.2355/tetsutohagane.100.140

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2014 by Begell House, Inc. This study applies the outflow boundary condition for the unsteady-state variabledensity fluid flow in the staggered grid arrangement to a similar flow in the collocated grid arrangement This application is based on the finite volume method, which successfully satisfies mass conservation. In the staggered grid arrangement, the outflow boundary condition yields the velocities on the outflow boundary using the Neumann condition to relate them to the velocities on the cell face, which are obtained by solving the discretized momentum equations. Here, the Neumann condition instead relates the outflow velocities to those on the cell center. The velocities on the cell face do not always satisfy the discretized continuity equations. Therefore, the velocities on the cell face are corrected using the summation of the discretized continuity equations over the entire computational domain in the staggered arrangement. Moreover, in the staggered grid arrangement, the summation of the discretized continuity equations can be directly obtained since the velocities are defined on the cell face; whereas in the collocated grid arrangement, the summation is evaluated after the Rhie-Chow interpolation since the velocities are on the cell center. As there are different procedures for evaluating the velocities on the outflow boundary in the different grid arrangements, unsteady-state fluid flow computations with variable density in the heating or cooling problems are performed to investigate the applicability of the outflow boundary condition to the collocated grid arrangement. It is found that the outflow boundary condition works well in the collocated grid arrangement and shows excellent mass conservation. Above all, the outflow boundary condition would be applicable to the boundary fitted coordinate system and the unstructured grid, which can treat complex geometries and require the collocated grid arrangement.

DOI： 10.1615/ComputThermalScien.2014011446

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2014 ISIJ. The image recognition method was proposed to quantify non-adhesion grain boundaries which were considered as a factor of coke strength besides pores, and the correlation between coke strength and the amount of defects evaluated by the method was investigated in comparison with the one by the marking method. Coke with low-quality coal was fractured by a diametral-compression test, and the fracture crosssections were observed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a 3D laser scanning microscope (LSM). The marking method and image recognition method were applied to SEM and LSM images, respectively. As a result, the fracture strength measured by the diametral-compression test was linearly decreased with an increase in blending ratio of low-quality coal. In the marking method, most non-adhesion grain boundaries were not detected up to 50% in the blending ratio, and the boundaries increased sharply from 50 to 100% in the blending ratio. On the other hand, in the recognition method, the defects which were composed of both pores and non-adhesion grain boundaries, increased linearly with the blending ratio, and the amount of defects corresponded to coke strength. Therefore, the image recognition method is expected as the quantification technique of defects decreasing coke strength.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.54.2512

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2014 ISIJ. In this study, the rigid bodies-spring model (RBSM) was used to numerically investigate how the fracture behavior of coke is affected by pore structure and non-adhesion grain boundaries. To study the effects of pore structure, randomly shaped pores were generated and randomly positioned in a coke matrix. The random shapes of pores were controlled by pore roundness and their random sizes were controlled by equivalent circle diameters. Non-adhesion grain boundaries were also randomly located in the coke matrix. First, results for a coke model with realistic pore structures showed that large distorted pores decrease coke strength. Second, fracture behavior was analyzed for a coke model composed of a coke matrix, pores, and non-adhesion grain boundaries. Coke strength decreased as the number of non-adhesion grain boundaries increased; these numerical results agreed with previous experimental data. Further, coke strength decreased even in the presence of only a relatively small number of non-adhesion grain boundaries. This is because, when non-adhesion grain boundaries occur in stress-concentrated regions, those boundaries become origins for fracture. This indicates that the presence of non-adhesion grain boundaries is one factor that decreases the strength of coke when it has been blended with low-quality coal.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.54.2519

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2014 ISIJ. The strength of the coke with the low-quality coals is related to the non-adhesion grain boundaries. Therefore, the effect of the boundaries on the coke fracture was numerically investigated. A coke model reproducing the actual boundaries was developed by the random arrangement of the coal particle polygons and expansion of the polygons based on experimental results. Then, the fracture behavior and strength of the coke model were analyzed using the Rigid Bodies-Spring Model (RBSM) method. The boundaries were generated around the low-quality coals in the model and the predicted amount of the boundaries corresponded with the experimental results. Therefore, the present coke model reproduced the generation of the actual boundaries. Furthermore, the size and complexity of the boundaries increased with an increase in the low-quality coals. In the model, springs at the gap or edge of the boundaries were fractured. The boundaries themselves were found to concentrate stress, and the arrangement and shape of the boundaries were supposed to affect the coke fracture. Moreover, the concentrated boundaries were thought to decrease the coke strength. Stress-strain curves showed that the coke with the larger blending ratio of the low-quality coal fractured with the weaker strength because of the increment in the size and complexity of the boundaries. The calculated fracture strength showed the same pattern as the experimental one in the higher blending ratio of the low-quality coals. Above all, the present method can predict the coke strength with the non-adhesion grain boundaries on the basis of the blending ratio of the low-quality coal.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.54.2527

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The impact of nucleation behavior and particle size distribution on the morphology of carbon black, which is a type of carbon nanoparticle, is investigated using a fixed sectional approach by applying the detailed chemical kinetic reaction for our previous experimental work: the pyrolysis of benzene in an inert atmosphere. By comparing the numerical behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formation and nucleation with experimental configurations of carbon black, the impacts of the behavior of PAHs formation and nucleation on the configurations are discussed. The development rate of the particle size distribution increases with an increase in temperature, and the size of small particles (size below 10 nm) decreases with an increase in residence time. The sensitivity of the furnace temperature on the particle size distribution and morphology of carbon black were further investigated by performing the calculation with the temperature being constant. Although the nucleation rate is nearly identical between 1,850 and 2,000 K, the rate decreases below 1,750 K. The mole fraction decreases with an increase in temperature, especially at 2,000 K, although the differences are small below 1,850 K. To form the complex aggregate shapes, three requirements should be fulfilled: (i) large particle number concentration, (ii) high nucleation rate, and (iii) quench before small particles of size below 10 nm collide with large particles consisting of a log-normal distribution. With these requirements fulfilled, the aggregate shapes would become the most complex at 1,850 K with a residence time of around 40 ms for the current benzene pyrolysis. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media.

DOI： 10.1007/s11051-014-2519-7

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The objective of this paper are to study the formation process of coke pore structure in relation to the swelling of coke during the thermoplastic stage and the pore structure at the initial carbonization. The swelling ratio, changes in pore structure and growth behavior of pore which originally present in the coal were evaluated. Two kinds of caking coals were carbonized in nitrogen-atmosphere with an infrared furnace. The swelling ratios were measured, and the cross-sectional images of coal particles at different heating temperatures were observed with an optical microscope. Before carbonization, all pores in both coals were a diameter of less than 100 ìm. When the temperature increased up to the level at which the swelling started, the pores with greater than 100 ì m-diameters were formed, and they had also simultaneously coalesced. However, each coal had a different temperature for starting swelling and observing the generation and coalescence of pores with a diameter of more than 100 ìm. At this point, the formation of pores were expressed with Laplace equations. The results showed the volatile matter inflow affected the change of pore structure. Furthermore, the pore structures within coal particles before and after carbonization were compared by micro-X-ray Computed Tomography. Carbonization up to the temperature for the softening stage increased pore diameters, which provided evidence that the proportion of pores existing within post-carbonized coal had grown based on the pores already existing in pre-carbonized coal. © 2013 ISIJ.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.53.1739

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The effect of iron oxide on coals and Hyper-coal (HPC) during caking temperature was investigated. To reveal the effect of the iron oxide reduction reaction on the thermoplastic properties, iron oxide reduction ratios were calculated from titration and gas analysis, and the thermoplastic properties of coal or HPC with and without iron oxide were estimated using thermogravimetric analysis and the Gieseler test. In addition, to investigate the mechanism of the change in the thermoplastic properties of HPC, the reduction ratios calculated from the titration and gas analysis were compared, and the crystal structure of HPC was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As a result, the iron oxide reduction reaction took place in the thermoplastic range, and the weight loss of samples with iron oxide addition increased while the fluidity decreased. On the basis of gas analysis, it was found that the reduction ratio was mainly composed of oxygen derived from H2O vapor. This result suggested that hydrogen atoms generated from the thermoplastic components of the HPC were involved in the reduction reaction. Thus, the polymerization rate of HPC was promoted near iron particles in the thermoplastic range, and the crystal structure of HPC with iron oxide addition was different between near and far from the iron particles. We, therefore, revealed that the reduction reaction by hydrogen atoms from HPC occurred in the thermoplastic range, and that the polymerization rate of HPC with iron oxide addition was increased due to decomposition of the thermoplastic components of the HPC. © 2013 ISIJ.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.53.1165

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）

The impact of nucleation behavior and particle size distribution on the morphology of carbon black is investigated using a fixed sectional approach by applying the detailed chemical kinetic reaction for our previous experimental work. The development rate of the particle size distribution increases with an increase in temperature and the size of small particles (size below 10 nm) decreases with an increase in residence time. To form the complex aggregate shapes, three requirements should be fulfilled: (i) large particle number concentration, (ii) high nucleation rate, and (iii) quench before small particles of size belowlO nm collide with large particles consisting of a log-normal shape. The sensitivity of the furnace temperature on the particle size distribution and morphology of carbon black was further investigated by performing the calculation with the temperature being constant. With three requirements fulfilled, the aggregate shapes would become the most complex at 1850 K with a residence time of around 40 ms.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

We experimentally investigated the effects of operational conditions and liquid properties on the formation and breakup of ligaments from a high-speed rotary bell cup atomizer. Glycerin ethanol solutions and glycerin water solutions of different viscosity and surface tension were supplied. The rotational speed of bell cup ranged from 8000 rpm to 30000 rpm. The liquid volume flow rate was varied from 150 mL/min to 600 mL/min. We observed by photography with 180 nsec flash exposure, the shape of the liquid film divided by grooves and breakup behavior of ligaments ejected from a bell cup. From pictures obtained, we quantitatively evaluated by image processing based on edge detection, the width of liquid film divided by groove, the diameter and length of ligaments and the diameter of droplets generated. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The ligament diameter at bell cup edge increased with the increase in liquid volume flow rate and liquid viscosity. (2) The ligament diameter decreased rapidly for ligament axial length l < 300 μm, but more slowly for l > 300 μm. (3) The breakup distance of ligament increased with the increase in liquid volume flow rate and liquid viscosity. (4) The droplet diameter was determined by both the diameter of ligament at the front tip and the wavelength of capillary wave. (5) The gamma distribution well described the experimentally obtained droplet size distribution with the shape factor n of approximately 20. ©2013 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers.

DOI： 10.1299/kikaib.79.1081

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The relationship between the strength and the microstructure of ferro-coke with hyper-coal (HPC) addition is investigated. In particular, we focused on the adhesiveness of coal particles. The strength of ferrocoke was evaluated by a tensile strength test and coke microstructure with increasing the amount of HPC addition was observed. In the observation of the microstructure, absolute maximum length and roundness of pores were measured. The result indicated that the strength of ferro-coke increases with an increase in the amount of HPC, because voids between coal particles decrease and adhesiveness of coal particles improve. A pore roundness of less than 0.2 intends coke strength, and the index decreases with HPC addition. We found that a pore roundness of less than 0.05 is included in voids between coal particles. It is suggested that mutual adhesiveness of coal particles is one of the factors affecting coke strength, and this factor can be evaluated by pores of roundness less than 0.05. © 2013 ISIJ.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.53.403

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

A mixture of benzene and acetylene is pyrolyzed in an inert atmosphere to investigate the influence of the benzene-acetylene composition on the configurations of carbon black. The effects of benzene concentration, acetylene concentration, and furnace temperature on the mean primary particle diameter and the aggregate shape in carbon black are investigated. When the acetylene concentration is varied and the benzene concentration is made constant, aggregate shapes become complex with an increase in acetylene concentration. However, in the case where the acetylene concentration is greater than that of the benzene concentration, the variation of aggregate shapes is small with increasing acetylene concentration. The results of this study suggest that nucleation has progressed and aggregate shapes appear complicated when the ratio of the benzene concentration to the acetylene concentration is appropriate (in this study, the ratio is 2:1) and the furnace temperature is high. However, when the benzene or acetylene concentration is high, and the furnace temperature is low, aggregate shapes are simplified because of the formation of small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which contributes to surface growth. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cej.2012.10.085

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

A finite element model of coke was generated using micro X-ray CT, and coke strength was numerically evaluated using its microstructure. First, three-dimensional (3-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) stress analyses of coke were compared. Next, 3-D stress analyses of cokes produced from caking coal and slightly caking coal were conducted in order to investigate the effect of the 3-D microstructure on coke strength. Furthermore, the strength anisotropy of coke was evaluated by stress analyses assuming a uniaxial tensile test in three directions. We found that the maximum principal stress magnitude and stress concentration area are smaller in the 3-D stress analysis than in the 2-D stress analysis. Moreover, the stress concentration area and strength anisotropy of coke produced from slightly caking coal are larger than those of coke produced from caking coal. The results indicate that stress analysis based on micro X-ray CT images is very useful for investigating the relationship between coke microstructure and strength. © 2012 ISIJ.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.52.1966

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The effects of furnace temperature and residence time on the mean primary particle diameter and aggregate shape of carbon black are investigated by benzene pyrolysis to confirm the factors that control the configuration of carbon black. With a high furnace temperature and short residence time, the mean primary particle diameter decreases and the aggregate shapes are complex; on the other hand, with a low furnace temperature and short residence time, the mean primary particle diameter increases and the aggregate shapes are simple. Moreover, with a high furnace temperature and long residence time, the mean primary particle diameter increases and the aggregate shapes are relatively simple. However, the aggregate shapes remain basically unchanged with increasing residence time. The results of this study suggest that the main factors that control the configurations of carbon black are nucleation, surface growth and sintering of primary particles. Nucleation, which is affected by high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), controls aggregate shapes, while surface growth, which is affected by low-molecular-weight PAHs contributes to the growth of primary particles. The sintering of primary particles controls the simplification of aggregate shape and the growth of primary particles. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.061

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

"Non-adhesion grain boundaries" are formed when low-quality coal grains do not adhere to other grains in the carbonization process because of the low dilation of coke. To better understand the effects of non-adhesion grain boundaries on coke strength, the relationship between the existence ratio of non-adhesion grain boundaries and coke strength was investigated quantitatively. The existence ratio of non-adhesion grain boundaries were measured quantitatively by observing the fracture cross-section of coke using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Coke strength was measured with a diametral-compression test and an I-shape drum index test. As a result, non-adhesion grain boundaries increased with an increase in the blending ratio of low-quality coal. In particular, non-adhesion grain boundaries increased rapidly when the blending ratio of low-quality coal was over 50%. When the ratio was less than 50%, low-quality coals adhered to other caking coal. However, not many low-quality coals adhered to other caking coals when the ratio was over 50%. The tensile strength of coke was not affected by the porosity of coke. However, the tensile strength and the drum index were affected by the existence ratio of non-adhesion grain boundaries. Tensile strength decreased rapidly even for a few non-adhesion grain boundaries because significant defects caused a fracture in the diametral-compression test. However, the I-shape drum index decreased linearly with the existence ratio of the non-adhesion grain boundaries because many fractures occurred during 600 rotations in the drum. The strength of coke containing low-quality coal is governed by the existence ratio of non-adhesion grain boundaries rather than mean values such as the porosity of coke. © 2012 by JSME.

DOI： 10.1299/jtst.7.351

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

In-situ and transient visualizations of the packing structure of a hydrogen storage alloy bed are carried out using an X-ray computed tomography (CT) system. The packing structure is clearly observed on the microscale using the CT system. When the alloy bed is subjected to hydrogen absorption-desorption cycles, the pulverization progresses from the lower to the upper regions of the bed. After several hydrogen absorption-desorption cycles, the packing structure in the lower region of the bed changes and the microstructural void decreases slightly. Based on these results, we propose a pulverization mechanism of the packed bed in which the friction between particles affects the pulverization process. © 2012, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.04.061

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The strains generated in a reaction vessel of hydrogen storage alloys and the packing ratio distribution inside the vessel were measured in order to analyze the effects of packing on stress. More specifically strains generated on the vessel's surface were measured when hydrogen is repeatedly absorbed and desorbed by the packed bed in the reaction vessel. The amount of deformation, local packing ratios and relative particle volumes in the vessel were also measured after repeated hydrogen absorption-desorption. As absorption-desorption was performed repeatedly, agglomeration regions where the value of the local packing ratio was around 0.6 were formed, and particularly strong stress was generated in these regions, causing deformation. More hydrogen packing causes agglomeration regions to form over a wider area. Since alloys are pulverized by repeated absorption-desorption, and concentrate in the lower parts of the vessel, agglomeration regions are also formed in the lower parts. Our experiments also revealed that the resulting agglomeration regions have a packing ratio of about 0.6. Copyright © 2012, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.01.097

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

A new method for spray combustion simulation was proposed in which the state of a droplet is divided into two modes: the combustion mode and the evaporation mode. The combustion mode assumes single droplet combustion, and the evaporation mode assumes group combustion or evaporation. First, single droplet combustion analysis was carried out and a database of evaporation rate, flame radius and heat transferred into the droplet was prepared. Evaporation rate in the combustion mode was calculated from the database, and evaporation rate in the evaporation mode was calculated with a conventional evaporation model. In this study, a simulation of heavy oil spray combustion was carried out, and the calculated results were compared with experimental findings. The result showed that it is possible to calculate heterogenous combustion, suggesting that our method is effective for spray combustion simulation of low-volatility fuel. © 2012 The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan.

DOI： 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.38.45

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

When the homogenization method based on the digital image of actual microstructure is used to analyze the strength of coke, the representative volume element (RVE) is a crucial input to predict reliable results. The shape of RVE was identified as square, due to the two-dimensional numerical analysis with the research object being a section image of a coke sample was studied. The variation of multi-scale mechanical properties of coke according to a large number of unit cells with various scales was investigated to determine the proper RVE size. The resolution of calculation equaling original resolution was considered as Case 1. The other low resolution of calculation was considered as Case 2. The results showed that, in the macro-scale (homogenization) analysis, the proper size of RVE on coke's sample should be chosen larger than 874.8 μm, due to the mean calculated homogenized Young's modulus was almost constant in the case of unit cell larger than 874.8 μ m. In the micro-scale (localization) analysis, in Case 1, unit cell of a large scale was prone to stress concentration which happened at the relative thin parts of structure around large pores. In Case 2, it was considered that high resolution was necessary, because low resolution changed the structural characteristic. Finally, the optimum size of RVE on coke's sample was determined as 2 624.4 μ m, which could represent the structural relativity of the research object. © 2012 ISIJ.

DOI： 10.2355/isijinternational.52.1250

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）

The numerical diffusion of the discretization of the convection term is investigated. The quantitative evaluation method for the numerical diffusion is proposed. The method evaluates the influence of the numerical diffusion to the shape and the thickness of the free surface by the rate of dullness and blur, respectively. High-order schemes are compared with each other using the proposed method in a two-dimensional simple flow and a two-dimensional collapsing water column. As a result, Chakravarthy-Osher (CO) method and Compressive Interface Capture Scheme for Arbitrary Meshes (CICSAM) are more accurate than other schemes in a two-dimensional simple flow. In the collapsing water column, CICSAM is more accurate than CO. CICSAM with the anti-diffusion operation is lower than CICSAM in the rate of dullness and blur. It is shown that the proposal quantitative evaluation method is able to quantify the numerical diffusion.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Simulation of the spray flow around a high-speed rotary bell-cup was carried out in order to determine the dominating factor in the decrease of transfer efficiency (TE) and to reveal the effect of shaping air and electric voltage on droplet behavior. Methods were proposed for quantitative evaluation of the factor decreasing TE and the trajectory angle, defined as the slope of the droplets trajectory to the x-axis. As a result, it was shown that the dominating factor in the decrease of TE is droplets that travel with the air flow around the target. Calculated results showed that the shaping air is effective to control small (<10 μm) or large (>40 μm) droplets, and the electric voltage is effective to control medium-sized droplets (10-40 mm). © 2011 The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan.

DOI： 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.37.296

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

A simulation of spray flow around a high-speed rotary bell-cup was carried out in order to determine the dominating factor decreasing the transfer efficiency. The effect of the inner re-circulation flow and the ghost on the transfer efficiency was numerically investigated by a detailed comparison of adhering and non-adhering droplets. The spray flow was calculated based on the Euler-Lagrangian approach, including the standard k-e turbulence model. It was found that the inner re-circulation flow tends to draw in small droplets, and that droplets located at inner side of radial direction tend not to adhere to the target. The ghost is composed of large droplets. In the ghost, the adhering and non-adhering droplets have different trajectories. These findings indicate that the inner re-circulation flow and the ghost have a large effect on small and large droplets, respectively. The location of droplets in the inner re-circulation flow or the ghost is important for the transfer efficiency. © 2011 The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan.

DOI： 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.37.251

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開催期間： 2023年07月01日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2023年07月01日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2023年07月01日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2023年05月11日 - 2023年05月13日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2023年04月02日 - 2023年04月07日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2023年03月15日 - 2023年03月17日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2023年03月15日 - 2023年03月17日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2023年03月08日 - 2023年03月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2023年03月07日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2022年12月15日 - 2022年12月16日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2022年12月14日 - 2022年12月16日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2022年12月12日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2022年11月09日 - 2022年11月11日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2022年11月09日 - 2022年11月11日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2022年11月09日 - 2022年11月11日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2022年11月09日 - 2022年11月11日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2022年11月01日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2022年08月19日 - 2022年08月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2022年07月15日 - 2022年07月16日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2022年07月03日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2022年06月05日 - 2022年06月07日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2022年06月05日 - 2022年06月07日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2022年06月05日 - 2022年06月07日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2022年06月05日 - 2022年06月07日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2022年03月15日 - 2022年03月17日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2022年03月15日 - 2022年03月17日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2022年03月10日 - 2022年03月11日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2022年03月07日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2021年12月09日 - 2021年12月10日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2021年11月30日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2021年11月08日 - 2021年11月09日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2021年10月27日 - 2021年10月29日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2021年10月27日 - 2021年10月29日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2021年10月27日 - 2021年10月29日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2021年10月27日 - 2021年10月29日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2021年10月27日 - 2021年10月29日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2021年10月27日 - 2021年10月29日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2021年09月22日 - 2021年09月24日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2021年09月22日 - 2021年09月24日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2021年09月22日 - 2021年09月24日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2021年09月22日 - 2021年09月24日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2021年09月09日 - 2021年09月11日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2021年08月22日 - 2021年08月24日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2021年07月03日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2021年07月03日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2021年04月30日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2020年12月05日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2020年10月27日 - 2020年10月28日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2020年10月27日 - 2020年10月28日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2020年09月24日 - 2020年09月26日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2020年09月24日 - 2020年09月26日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2020年08月05日 - 2020年08月06日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2019年12月07日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2019年09月23日 - 2019年09月27日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2019年08月07日 - 2019年08月08日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2019年08月05日 - 2019年08月06日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2019年07月13日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2019年07月13日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2019年05月08日 - 2019年05月10日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2019年05月08日 - 2019年05月10日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2019年03月20日 - 2019年03月22日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2019年03月20日 - 2019年03月22日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2018年11月14日 - 2018年11月16日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年11月14日 - 2018年11月16日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年11月14日 - 2018年11月16日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年11月14日 - 2018年11月16日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年11月14日 - 2018年11月16日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年11月07日 - 2018年11月09日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2018年11月07日 - 2018年11月09日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2018年11月07日 - 2018年11月09日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2018年10月29日 - 2018年10月30日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年09月19日 - 2018年09月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年09月19日 - 2018年09月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年09月19日 - 2018年09月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年09月18日 - 2018年09月20日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年08月08日 - 2018年08月09日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年07月29日 - 2018年08月03日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2018年07月29日 - 2018年08月03日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2018年05月29日 - 2018年05月31日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年05月29日 - 2018年05月31日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年05月19日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年05月19日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年05月19日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年05月19日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年03月19日 - 2018年03月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年03月19日 - 2018年03月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年03月19日 - 2018年03月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年03月19日 - 2018年03月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年03月19日 - 2018年03月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年03月19日 - 2018年03月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年03月13日 - 2018年03月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年03月13日 - 2018年03月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2018年03月13日 - 2018年03月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年12月07日 - 2017年12月08日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年11月13日 - 2017年11月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年11月13日 - 2017年11月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年11月13日 - 2017年11月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年10月18日 - 2017年10月20日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年10月18日 - 2017年10月20日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年09月20日 - 2017年09月22日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年09月20日 - 2017年09月22日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年09月20日 - 2017年09月22日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年09月20日 - 2017年09月22日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年09月20日 - 2017年09月22日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年09月06日 - 2017年09月08日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年08月28日 - 2017年08月30日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年08月01日 - 2017年08月02日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年08月01日 - 2017年08月02日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年08月01日 - 2017年08月02日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年07月09日 - 2017年07月12日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2017年06月18日 - 2017年06月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年05月29日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年05月29日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年05月24日 - 2017年05月26日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年05月13日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年04月18日 - 2017年04月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年04月18日 - 2017年04月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年04月18日 - 2017年04月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年03月15日 - 2017年03月17日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年03月06日 - 2017年03月08日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年03月06日 - 2017年03月08日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年03月06日 - 2017年03月08日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年01月18日 - 2017年01月19日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2017年01月18日 - 2017年01月19日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年11月28日 - 2016年11月29日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2016年11月23日 - 2016年11月25日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年11月23日 - 2016年11月25日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年11月23日 - 2016年11月25日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年11月02日 - 2016年11月04日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2016年10月26日 - 2016年10月27日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年09月21日 - 2016年09月23日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年09月20日 - 2016年09月23日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2016年09月20日 - 2016年09月23日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2016年09月06日 - 2016年09月08日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年08月09日 - 2016年08月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年08月09日 - 2016年08月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年08月09日 - 2016年08月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年08月08日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年08月08日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年06月30日 - 2016年07月01日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年06月20日 - 2016年06月21日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2016年05月07日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年03月13日 - 2016年03月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年03月13日 - 2016年03月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年03月13日 - 2016年03月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年03月13日 - 2016年03月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年03月13日 - 2016年03月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年03月13日 - 2016年03月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年03月13日 - 2016年03月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年03月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年03月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年03月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年03月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年02月04日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2016年01月20日 - 2016年01月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年12月03日 - 2015年12月04日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年12月02日 - 2015年12月04日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年11月16日 - 2015年11月18日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年10月13日 - 2015年10月14日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年10月13日 - 2015年10月14日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年09月27日 - 2015年10月01日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2015年09月27日 - 2015年10月01日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2015年09月27日 - 2015年10月01日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2015年09月27日 - 2015年10月01日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2015年09月27日 - 2015年10月01日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2015年09月09日 - 2015年09月11日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年09月09日 - 2015年09月11日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年09月07日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年07月31日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年07月31日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年06月07日 - 2015年06月10日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2015年06月03日 - 2015年06月05日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年05月30日 - 2015年05月31日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年05月09日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年03月30日 - 2015年04月02日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2015年03月19日 - 2015年03月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年03月19日 - 2015年03月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年03月19日 - 2015年03月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年03月19日 - 2015年03月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年03月18日 - 2015年03月20日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年03月12日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年03月09日 - 2015年03月11日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年02月06日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年02月06日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2015年02月06日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年12月08日 - 2014年12月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年12月08日 - 2014年12月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年12月08日 - 2014年12月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年12月03日 - 2014年12月05日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年12月03日 - 2014年12月05日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年12月03日 - 2014年12月05日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年11月08日 - 2014年11月09日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年10月22日 - 2014年10月23日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年10月22日 - 2014年10月23日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年10月22日 - 2014年10月23日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年10月22日 - 2014年10月23日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年10月08日 - 2014年10月10日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2014年10月08日 - 2014年10月10日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2014年09月17日 - 2014年09月19日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年09月11日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年08月25日 - 2014年08月26日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年08月25日 - 2014年08月26日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年08月25日 - 2014年08月26日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年08月03日 - 2014年08月08日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2014年08月01日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年08月01日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年07月19日 - 2014年07月20日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年07月19日 - 2014年07月20日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年06月15日 - 2014年06月19日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2014年05月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年05月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年03月21日 - 2014年03月23日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年03月21日 - 2014年03月23日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年03月21日 - 2014年03月23日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年03月05日 - 2014年03月07日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年03月01日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年02月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年02月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2014年02月10日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年12月13日 - 2013年12月15日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年12月03日 - 2013年12月05日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年11月25日 - 2013年11月27日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2013年11月25日 - 2013年11月27日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2013年11月25日 - 2013年11月27日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2013年11月25日 - 2013年11月27日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2013年09月16日 - 2013年09月18日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年09月16日 - 2013年09月18日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年09月16日 - 2013年09月18日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年09月06日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年09月06日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年08月01日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年08月01日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年05月29日 - 2013年05月31日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年05月21日 - 2013年05月22日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年05月12日 - 2013年05月16日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年05月11日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年05月11日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年05月11日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年05月11日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年04月21日 - 2013年04月25日   記述言語：英語  

開催期間： 2013年03月17日 - 2013年03月19日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年03月17日 - 2013年03月19日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年03月17日 - 2013年03月19日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年03月12日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年03月07日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年03月07日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年03月07日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年03月02日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年02月21日   記述言語：日本語  

開催期間： 2013年02月21日   記述言語：日本語