研究者詳細 - 三谷　康範

論文 - 三谷　康範

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Small-signal analysis of multiple virtual synchronous machines to enhance frequency stability of grid-connected high renewables 査読有り

Kerdphol T., Rahman F.S., Watanabe M., Mitani Y., Hongesombut K., Phunpeng V., Ngamroo I., Turschner D.

IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution 15 ( 8 ) 1273 - 1289 2021年04月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The virtual synchronous machine technology is considered as an important technique to effectively control the shortcomings of renewable energy-based power electronics interfaces, providing backup inertia and regulating grid stability. Conventionally, the virtual synchronous machine with a large capacity is responsible for controlling the entire grid stability against renewable penetration. It is usually operated as a centralised control system. But what if virtual synchronous machines with small capacities are independently operated by their additional droop control schemes, and will they present better performance than the single virtual synchronous machine? This study proposes the multiple virtual synchronous machine system with different active power-frequency (P-f) droop characteristics to improve inertia support regarding frequency stability improvement. The comprehensive small-signal modelling of the multiple virtual synchronous machine unit is designed to include the additional P-f droop characteristics. Then, the dynamic characteristics (steady-state and transient responses) and static stability of the multiple virtual synchronous machines are compared with the single virtual synchronous machine at the same rated capacity in both eigenvalue/sensitivity-domain and time-domain analysis. The obtained results reveal that the system with the presence of several virtual synchronous machines is more stable than the system with single virtual synchronous machine, maintaining stable and secure system operation during the contingency.

DOI： 10.1049/gtd2.12101

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Determining Inertia of 60 Hz Japan Power System using PMUs from Power Loss Event 査読有り

Kerdphol T., Watanabe M., Nishikawa R., Tamaki T., Mitani Y.

2021 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference, TPEC 2021 2021年02月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）

System inertia is an important part of evaluating the initial frequency drop after a disturbance. Low system inertia driven by high levels of inverter interfaced renewable energy sources (RESs) results in large frequency drops, which significantly lead to violation of frequency safety thresholds. Thus, enhancing operator awareness of system inertia would preserve high-quality frequency regulation in the system with RESs. This work presents a practical study of inertia estimation of the 60 Hz Japan power system using phasor measurement units (PMUs) and the recorded disturbance (i.e., active power loss). Using phasor data provided by eight PMUs in a longitudinal transmission network, the frequency and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) values from each significant area are analyzed to estimate accurate system inertia based on frequency spectrum and mode shape analysis. The obtained results indicate that not all PMUs can provide inertia estimation with accuracy due to the effect of interarea oscillation. Evidentially, the accurate latency of inertia estimation could be found at the PMUs installed around the center of inertia frequency.

DOI： 10.1109/TPEC51183.2021.9384932

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Consideration of peak cut method by air conditioning equipment corresponding to demand for contract power reduction—Application of thermal radiative cooling/heating system 査読有り

Satake A., Jike J., Mitani Y.

Energy Reports 6 768 - 774 2020年12月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2020 The Authors Electricity demand leveling has actively been pursued in order to reduce power supply costs and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, large-scale customers have attracted great interest because of the expectation of contract power reduction. Focusing on the air conditioning equipment whose seasonal factors greatly change their demand, the peak cut operation has been considered for customers who have a large proportion of the load on the air conditioning equipment. The thermal radiative cooling/heating system is applied as the air conditioning equipment, and power control is performed according to the electricity demand of the customer. The comfort is evaluated by simulating the change in room temperature at that time. As a result, it is shown that the proposed demand response method can perform peak cut operation while ensuring comfort.

DOI： 10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.132

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Consideration of reducing purchased power using photovoltaic excess power by thermal radiative cooling/heating system 査読有り

Miyawaki R., Satake A., Mitani Y., Ushifusa Y.

Energy Reports 6 814 - 821 2020年12月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2020 The Authors The photovoltaic (PV) in general households has increased rapidly in Japan, where one of the causes is a start of Feed-in Tariff (FIT). However, after a term of FIT, a selling price will be much lower than that during the term. Therefore, utilizing PV power effectively in general households should be considered. Self-consumption of PV power is one of the effective utilization methods. Power consumption of load equipment in the households should be controlled for self-consumption of PV power which easily changes with time according to weather condition. In this paper, the thermal radiative cooling/heating system, which has a characteristic of heat storage is considered as one of the controllable equipment. The simulation model shows the thermal radiative cooling/heating system can reduce the purchased power with maintaining the room temperature using PV excess power.

DOI： 10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.127

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Monitoring Large-Scale PV Generation Infeed on Grid Frequency using Synchrophasor Measurement: Recent Perspective from Kyushu Island 査読有り

Kerdphol T., Matsukawa Y., Watanabe M., Mitani Y.

Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Transmission and Distribution Conference 2020-October 2020年10月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）

© 2020 IEEE. The growing power in-feed of renewable/non-synchronous energy (e.g., solar/wind energy) in Japan power grid has raised serious concerns about frequency stability and control. The intermittent power output and lack of inertia property from large-scale solar/photovoltaic (PV) farms critically affect the balance between power generation and demand. Subsequently, the dynamic of grid frequency is severely deteriorated, resulting in rapid grid frequency deviations, and in the worst-case, power blackout. This paper proposes an advanced application of synchrophasor measurements for monitoring the dynamics and stability of Kyushu Island power system in the presence of large-scale solar penetration. In such a system, the dynamic analysis of the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) is of great importance, reflecting the stability aspect of the system. Thus, contrastive scenarios of high-resolution synchrophasor measurements recorded in Kyushu region are analyzed against different levels of solar penetration. The results reveal that monitoring ROCOF and grid frequency variations in each scenario not only indicate the oscillatory behavior of the Kyushu power grid, but also provide useful information of the wide-area dynamic stability.

DOI： 10.1109/TD39804.2020.9299980

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Stability assessment of multiple virtual synchronous machines for microgrid frequency stabilization 査読有り

Kerdphol T., Watanabe M., Mitani Y., Turschner D., Beck H.P.

IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting 2020-August 2020年08月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）

© 2020 IEEE. Due to the lack of system inertia driven by the increasing integration of renewable energy, a virtual synchronous machine (VISMA) concept has been developed to provide backup inertia, maintaining microgrid stability and resiliency. To enhance an inertia support in regards to frequency stability, this paper proposes a novel control approach using multiple VISMAs with different P-f droop characteristics. This approach can effectively enhance frequency stability of the microgrid under the situation of low system inertia. The stability difference and efficacy between single VISMA and multiple VISMAs are investigated over microgrid performance with contrastive scenarios. Transient and steady-state responses are also compared. The analysis results reveal that the multiple-VISMA configuration suppresses frequency oscillation better than the single VISMA configuration, maintaining stable microgrid operation. This work also provides a recent overview of a practical multiple-VISMA system in regards to frequency stability improvement.

DOI： 10.1109/PESGM41954.2020.9281491

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Application of PMUs to monitor large-scale PV penetration infeed on frequency of 60 Hz Japan power system: A case study from Kyushu Island 査読有り

Kerdphol T., Matsukawa Y., Watanabe M., Mitani Y.

Electric Power Systems Research 185 2020年08月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2020 Elsevier B.V. Recently, the large-scale photovoltaic (PV) penetration brings serious issues for system operators in monitoring and maintaining grid stability. The intermittent power output and loss of inertia property from high PV penetration critically affect the balance between generation and demand. These issues lead to larger frequency oscillations, generation tripping, and cascading failures. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes an advanced application of phasor measurement units (PMUs) for monitoring dynamics of the system in the presence of high PV penetration. During such penetration, the data-driven analysis of the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) is of great importance, reflecting the system stability. This approach is first demonstrated on Kyushu Island, and PMUs are installed at the domestic supply side. The contrastive scenarios of high-resolution PMUs recorded in each region are analyzed against different levels of PV penetration. The results reveal that monitoring system frequency and ROCOF variations not only indicate the oscillatory behavior of the grid, but also provide useful information for the wide-area dynamic stability. This paper also offers a recent overview of large-scale PV penetration infeed on frequency of the 60 Hz Japan power system, and it can be useful for improving a range of diagnostic/monitoring and control functionalities.

DOI： 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106393

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Frequency Stability Assessment on Virtual Inertia Control Strategy in Connected and Islanded Multi-Area Power Systems 査読有り

Lerch K.S., Kerdphol T., Mitani Y., Turschner D.

Proceedings - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2020 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe, EEEIC / I and CPS Europe 2020 2020年06月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）

© 2020 IEEE. Virtual inertia control has recently come into focus for various applications, reaching from inertia emulation for renewable power plants to frequency stabilization in microgrids. Supply of virtual inertia is achieved by an inverter based virtual synchronous machine (VISMA), or virtual synchronous generator (VSG), emulating a synchronous generator's behavior. Until today, virtual inertia control for power grid frequency stability has mainly been tested on either islanded microgrids, or grid-connected power systems. This research compares both situations. A model of a three-area power system is presented. Based on this model, it is shown, that the dynamic behavior of a multi-area power system comprised of island-optimized areas can lead to stability issues. Nevertheless, benefits of connecting islanded grid areas are not only increased redundancy, but also decreased amplitudes of frequency transients and reduced stress on mechanical components, as is shown by simulations. Therefore, in a situation where areas are islanded, the possibility of a connection to neighboring areas is important. It is proposed that connection stability issues may be resolved by virtual inertia control integrating damping properties. When combining virtual inertia and virtual damping, the unoptimized three-area system possesses a dynamic behavior superior to that of the optimized islanded system of equivalent configuration.

DOI： 10.1109/EEEIC/ICPSEurope49358.2020.9160690

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Solar Power Estimation Using GIS Considering Shadow Effects for Distribution System Planning 査読有り

Bunme P., Shiota A., Mitani Y.

Proceedings - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2020 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe, EEEIC / I and CPS Europe 2020 2020年06月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）

© 2020 IEEE. During the last decades, photovoltaic (PV) panels have been widely installed in Japanese residential areas to achieve clean and renewable energy. This work employs DSM (Digital Surface Model) layers to extract important elevations, such as trees and buildings, in conjunction with assumptions of cloud movement processes from GIS (Geographic Information System) to obtain realistic solar power affected by solar radiation shading on the PV panel. With GIS technology, the solar radiation shading effects are combined with distribution system modeling to observe the significant impact of shadows in the overall distribution system. Moreover, this research can facilitate a more effective distribution system planning by evaluating the influence of PV power variations, assuming a large number of installations.

DOI： 10.1109/EEEIC/ICPSEurope49358.2020.9160547

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Renewable Power Systems Dynamic Security 査読有り

Magdy G., Shabib G., Elbaset A.A., Mitani Y.

Power Systems 1 - 13 2020年01月

Introduction and Literature Review 査読有り

Magdy G., Shabib G., Elbaset A.A., Mitani Y.

Power Systems 1 - 13 2020年01月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（商業誌、新聞、ウェブメディア）

© 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. In this chapter, a comprehensive literature review on the issue of load frequency control (LFC) in the power system has been highlighted. The various power system model configurations and control techniques/strategies concerned with LFC problems have been discussed in both conventional and renewable power systems. In addition, the suggested LFC control strategies have been researched and classified into various control groups. Finally, the chapter highlights the study gaps and presents some new research directions in the field of LFC.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-33455-0_1

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Dynamic Security Assessment of Low-inertia Microgrids Based on the Concept of Virtual Inertia Control 査読有り

Magdy G., Shabib G., Elbaset A.A., Mitani Y.

Power Systems 59 - 87 2020年01月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（商業誌、新聞、ウェブメディア）

© 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Renewable energy sources (RESs) are growing rapidly and highly penetrated in microgrids (μGs). However, there are some impacts resulting from integrating RESs such as power fluctuations caused by the intermittent nature of RESs, and lack of system inertia resulting from replacement of synchronous generators with RESs. Hence, in order to cope with this challenge and benefit from a maximum capacity of the RESs, this chapter presents a new frequency control strategy based on a virtual inertia control to emulate virtual inertia into the μG control loop, thus stabilizing μG frequency during high penetration of RESs. Moreover, the proposed virtual inertia control system based on an optimal proportional–integral (PI) controller is coordinated with digital over/underfrequency relay to improve the frequency stability and maintain the dynamic security of the μG considering high penetration of RESs. The studied system simulation results are conducted using MATLAB/Simulink® software to validate the efficacy of the proposed coordination scheme. Results endorsed that the proposed coordination scheme can efficiently regulate the μG frequency and ensure robust performance to maintain the dynamic security of μG with high penetration of RESs for various contingencies.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-33455-0_4

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Digital Decentralized Control Scheme in Multi-source Power Systems Based on Mapping Technique 査読有り

Magdy G., Shabib G., Elbaset A.A., Mitani Y.

Power Systems 119 - 143 2020年01月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（商業誌、新聞、ウェブメディア）

© 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. This chapter presents a digital model of decentralized load frequency control (LFC) using an optimal PID controller in a real hybrid power system (e.g., Egyptian power system (EPS)) considering communication delays. The EPS includes both conventional generation sources (i.e., steam, gas, hydraulic power plants) with inherent nonlinearities and wind power, which is extracted from Zafarana wind farm, located in Egypt. Thus, the optimal digital controller-based Tustin’s technique is designed for every subsystem of the EPS separately to guarantee the stability of the overall closed-loop system. The efficiency of the proposed digital model is evaluated and compared with the analog model under variation in loading patterns, loading circumstances, system parameters, wind farm penetration, and communication delays. Results endorsed that the proposed digital model can effectively regulate the system frequency and guarantee robust performance under different conditions. It also provides a reliable performance at large sampling times, meaning a decrease in the cost of execution.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-33455-0_6

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Conclusions and Future Work 査読有り

Magdy G., Shabib G., Elbaset A.A., Mitani Y.

Power Systems 145 - 146 2020年01月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（商業誌、新聞、ウェブメディア）

© 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. In view of the analysis and investigations presented, the main conclusions can be summarized as follows: 1. This book has proposed new frequency control techniques based on SMES system, virtual inertia control, and VSG for frequency stability enhancement of RPS considering high penetration level of RESs. 2. A new coordination of the secondary frequency control (i.e., LFC) and the SMES technology using a new optimal PID controller-based MSA has been proposed to enhance the frequency stability of the EPS concerning HWPP under the impact of different load profiles, random load variation, wind power fluctuations, and system uncertainties. 3. A suitable inertia control technique could be applied together with ESSs to emulate additional inertia power to the community or power system, improving system inertia and eliminating the stability issues. Therefore, this book has proposed a novel concept of frequency control incorporating a virtual inertia controller to emulate virtual inertia into the RPS control loop, thus stabilizing RPS frequency during high penetration of RESs. 4. This book has proposed a new frequency control strategy based on VSG, which emulates the characteristics of a real synchronous generator that are as follows: the inertia and damping properties through the concept of virtual rotor as well as frequency control loops (i.e., primary and secondary frequency control) through the virtual primary and secondary control, to compensate the reduction in system inertia that results from adding more RESs (e.g., non-inertia sources), thus stabilizing the system frequency during high penetration of RESs. 5. The proposed frequency control strategies have coordinated with digital OUFR in RPSs for improvement of the frequency stability and preservation of the dynamic security of RPSs because of the high integration level of the RESs.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-33455-0_7

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A New Trend in Control of Renewable Power Systems Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator 査読有り

Magdy G., Shabib G., Elbaset A.A., Mitani Y.

Power Systems 89 - 118 2020年01月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（商業誌、新聞、ウェブメディア）

© 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Today’s power systems have a high-level penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs). Therefore, the modern power systems become more susceptible to the system insecurity than conventional power systems due to lack of system inertia that results from replacing the conventional generators with RESs and frequency fluctuations that result from the intermittent nature of the RESs. Hence, this chapter presents a new strategy of frequency control including virtual inertia control based on virtual synchronous generator (VSG), which emulates the behavior of conventional synchronous generator in large power systems, thus adding some inertia to the system control loop virtually and accordingly stabilizing the system frequency during high penetration of RESs. Moreover, this chapter proposes an efficient coordination scheme of frequency control loops including the proposed virtual inertia control system-based VSG and digital over/underfrequency protection for maintaining the dynamic security of the renewable power systems because of the high integration level of the RESs. System modeling and simulation results are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink® software. Results approved that the proposed coordination scheme can effectively regulate the system frequency and guarantee robust performance to preserve the dynamic security of renewable power systems with high penetration of RESs for different contingencies.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-33455-0_5

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A New Frequency Control Strategy in Real Power Systems Considering Wind Energy 査読有り

Magdy G., Shabib G., Elbaset A.A., Mitani Y.

Power Systems 15 - 38 2020年01月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（商業誌、新聞、ウェブメディア）

© 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. This chapter presents a coordination of secondary frequency control (i.e., load frequency control) and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology using a new optimal PID controller in a real power system (e.g., Egyptian power system (EPS)) considering high wind power penetration (HWPP). This coordination scheme is proposed for compensating the system frequency deviation, preventing the conventional generators from exceeding their power ratings during load disturbances, and mitigating the power fluctuations from wind power plants. The EPS considering HWPP was tested by the MATLAB/Simulink simulation to prove the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated control strategy. The convention plants of the EPS are decomposed into three dynamics subsystems: hydro, reheat, and non-reheat power plants. Moreover, the physical constraints of the governors and turbines such as generation rate constraint (GRC) of power plants and speed governor dead-band are taken into consideration. The results show the superior robustness of the proposed coordination against all scenarios of various load profiles, and system uncertainties in the EPS considering HWPP. Furthermore, the results were verified by comparing it with both the optimal LFC with/without the effect of conventional SMES, which is without modifying the input control signal.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-33455-0_2

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A Comprehensive Digital Protection Scheme for Low-inertia Microgrids Considering High Penetration of Renewables 査読有り

Magdy G., Shabib G., Elbaset A.A., Mitani Y.

Power Systems 39 - 57 2020年01月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（商業誌、新聞、ウェブメディア）

© 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. This chapter provides a digital scheme of frequency control and over/underfrequency relay (OUFR) protection for an islanded microgrid (μG) considering high penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs). Reducing system inertia by replacing synchronous generators with a large amount of RESs causes undesirable influence on system frequency stability, leading to weakening of the μG. In addition, sudden changes in load and short circuits cause large frequency fluctuations that threaten the system security. Therefore, this chapter proposes a coordination scheme between the digital frequency controller, which is designed based on Tustin’s technique, and the digital OUFR, which operates for both conditions of over- and underfrequency, to protect the power system against high frequency variations. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed digital coordination scheme, the simulation results of the studied islanded μG are executed by MATLAB software. Thus, the obtained results emphasized that the proposed coordination scheme can effectively handle several disturbances and high system uncertainty. Moreover, it can regulate the μG frequency and guarantee robust performance to maintain the dynamic security of low-inertia islanded μG.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-33455-0_3

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Load frequency control enhancement of islanded micro-grid considering high wind power penetration using superconducting magnetic energy storage and optimal controller 査読有り

Mohamed E., Mitani Y.

Wind Engineering 43 ( 6 ) 609 - 624 2019年12月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© The Author(s) 2019. This article proposes a robust load frequency control using a new optimal proportional–integral–derivative controller–based genetic moth swarm algorithm for islanded microgrids considering high wind power penetration. In such microgrids, the replacement of conventional generator units with a large number of renewable energy sources reduces the system inertia, which in turn causes undesirable influence on microgrid frequency stability, leading to weakening of the microgrid. Furthermore, sudden load shedding, load restoring, and short circuits caused large frequency fluctuations which threaten the system security and could lead to complete blackouts as well as damages to the system equipment. In order to solve this challenge, this study proposes a new coordinated optimal load frequency control plus modified control signal to superconducting magnetic energy storage for compensating the microgrid frequency deviation (∆f). To prove the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated control strategy, an islanded microgrid was tested for the MATLAB/Simulink simulation. The physical constraints of the turbines such as generation rate constraints and speed governor dead band are considered in this study. The results confirmed the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed coordination performance against all scenarios of different load profiles, wind power fluctuation, and system uncertainties in microgrid integrated with high penetration of wind farms. Moreover, the results have been compared with both: the optimal load frequency control with/without the effect of conventional superconducting magnetic energy storage.

DOI： 10.1177/0309524X18824533

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Supplementary frequency control in a high-penetration real power system by renewables using SMES application 査読有り

Magdy G., Nour M., Shabib G., Elbaset A.A., Mitani Y.

Journal of Electrical Systems 15 ( 4 ) 526 - 538 2019年12月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© JES 2019. In modern power systems, the penetration level of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) is strikingly increasing. Where, many synchronous generators are being replaced by the RESs-based the power electronic devices, this will reduce the overall system inertia. Moreover, the intermittent nature of the RESs causes several control problems such as frequency/voltage instability problem. Hence, these disturbances threaten preservation the power system stability and can lead to system collapse. In addition, the secondary frequency control action (i.e., Load Frequency Control (LFC) will not be sufficient to maintain the system frequency close to its scheduled value. Therefore, this paper proposes an application of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) system based on an optimal PID controller, which is optimally designed by the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to enhance the frequency stability of modern power systems due to high RESs penetration. From the perspective of the LFC, the proposed controlled SMES can be used as a feedback controller with the aim of supporting the frequency control loops for frequency stability enhancement of the power systems. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is tested and verified through a real hybrid power system in Egypt (i.e., Egyptian Power System (EPS) that includes thermal, gas, hydraulic power plants, wind, and solar energy. The obtained simulation results by Matlab/Simulink software reveal that the proposed control strategy achieved superior dynamic responses satisfying the LFC requirements in all test scenarios. Consequently, the frequency stability is improved regarding peak undershoot, peak overshoot, and settling time.

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Applying virtual inertia control topology to SMES system for frequency stability improvement of low-inertia microgrids driven by high renewables 査読有り

Kerdphol T., Watanabe M., Mitani Y., Phunpeng V.

Energies 12 ( 20 ) 2019年10月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2019 by the authors. To integrate renewable energy into microgrids with a favorable inertia property, a virtual inertia control application is needed. Considering the inertia emulation capabilities, insufficient emulation of inertia power due to the lower and short-term power of storage systems could significantly cause system instability and failure. To enhance such capability, this paper applies a virtual inertia control topology to the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology. The SMES-based virtual inertia control system is implemented in a microgrid with renewables to emulate sufficient inertia power and maintain good system frequency stability. The efficacy and control performance of the proposed control method are compared with those of the traditional virtual inertia control system. Simulation results show that the shortage of system inertia due to renewable penetration is properly compensated by the proposed control method, improving system frequency stability and maintaining the robustness of system operations.

DOI： 10.3390/en12203902

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